INDEX, V . Variation , Obfervations of, n. 414, p. 331. ~ of the Coropafs, n. 418, p. 71. ( Abrahamus) Plica polonica cafus rarijjimus^n. 417,/. 70. Vegetables Ele&rical, 0. 417, 11. Vefuvms , Mount, an extraordinary Eruption of, in March 1730, 0. 414, />. 33^. * Upminfler in EJfe at, Obfervations of the Weather there [for 1707, 0. 413, 161, for 1717, ib.p. z6 i, for 1716, ib. p. z6 3* Urine ,an extraordinary Suppreflion of it, in a Woman, ». 421. P. W. Water Ele&rical, 0. 411, />. 117. Water-works at London- Bridge , by //. Beighton , #. 417, p, FIN / PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. GIVING SOME ACCOUNT O F T H E c Prefent Undertakings , Studies, and Labours O F T H E . 1 INGENIOUS, IN MANY Conliderable Parts of the WORL D. V OL.,XXXViII. For the Years 1733, 1734- LONDON: Printed for W. I n n y s and R.Manby, ‘ printers to the Royal Society , at the Weft End of St. “Paul’s. 1 73 f> - T O ROGER GALE, Efq; Vice-President andTREASURER O F T H E ROYAL SOCIETY O F LONDON, F O R Promoting Natural Knowledge, This Thirty -Eighth V o l u me of Is humbly Dedicated by His moft obedient, and Mofi humble Servant j, Cromwell Mortimer, R.S.Secr. ^ N Numb. 417, Beginning VOL. XXXVIII. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS For the Months of January , February , and March , 1733. The CO NT EN TS. I. A Catalogue of the fifty Plants from Chelfea- Garden, prefented to the Royal Society by the Company of Apothecaries, for the Tear 1 75 l ; purfuant to the Direction of Sir Hans Sloane, Bar1' Med. Reg. Brezj. Col. Reg. Med. Soc. (Reg. ’By lfaac Rand, Apothecary , F. R- S. ' ■ ; ■ - • ■ ■ < »bi II. An Explanation of an Effay on the Ufe of the Bile in the Animal Oeconomy, by Alex- ander Stuart, M . T>. Bhyfician in Ordinary to her Majejly , F. R. S. and of the College of Bhyjicians. Vide N0, 414. III. A Catalogue of Eclipfes of Jupiter’s Satellites for the Tear 1734. By James Hodgfon, F. R. S. Mafter of the Royal Ma- thematical School at Chrift’s Hofpital,London. IV. Be The CONTENTS. IV. De Sciuro Volante, five Muro Bontico] aui Scythico Gefneri, Vefpertilione admirabili Bontij .Dijfertdtio, per Dn' Hans Sloane, 'Bay1' fir. 5^. S', d Jacobo Theodoro Klein, fieip. Gedanenf, d Secret . fi. S. S. commu - nicata. V» A Defer Iptlon of a Barometer, wherein the Scale of Variation may be encreafed at Bleafure . , By the fieVcrend Mr. John Rowning, Fellow of Magdalen* College in Cambridge j Communicated by Dr. Smith, F. fi. S. Jfirom. Brof. in Acad. Cantabr. VI. An Account of a Book^ intituled Chriftiani Ludov.Gerften TentaminaSyftematis novi ad mutationes Barometri ex natura ela- teris aerei demonftrandas, cui adje&a fub finem, Differtatio Roris decidui errorem antiquum 6c vulgarem per obfervationes Sc experimenta nova excutiens* Fran- cofurtiMDCCXXXin, in 8W* ( l ) I. A Catalogue of the fifty Plants from Chelfea* Garden, prefented to the Royal-Society by the Company of Apothecaries, for the Year 17513 purfuant to the Direction of Sir Hans Sloane, Barr- Med. (fieg. Tr*/. Col. (fieg. Med. & Soc. Ytgg. By Ifaac Rand, Apothecary , F. (fi. S. 45-1 A B U T I L O N Americanum, vifcofum, graveolens 3 minimo floreSc fru&u. 4f2. Abutilon Americanutn ; flore eleganti caeruleo ; fructu amplo calyci infidente. 4y3. Abutilon Americanum 3 folio longius cufpi* dato ; fru&u quinque-capfulari. 474. Alaternoides Africana 3 Erica foliis 3 flo- ribus albicantibus 5C mufcofis. Hift. Amft. II. Pag. 1. 4J5. Amaranthoides humile ; Polygoni folio. Sloan. Hift. Jama. Tab. 86. f. z. 45 6. Ammi majus 3 foliis plurimutn incifis, 6c nonnihil crifpis. C. B. 15^9. 457. Anemonofpermos Afra 5 folio Jacobaa,tenui- ter laciniato 3 flore Aurantio pulcherrimo. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 100. 4j8. Anemonofpermos Africana 3 folio Cardui be- nedicti ; florum radiis intus albicantibus. Hort, Amft. II. 47. 4y9. Anemonofpermos Africana 3 folio minus la- ciniato ; flore intus aureo, foris punicante. A 460. Apo- 4<5o. Apocynum Americanum ; foliis Androfemi majoris ; flore Lilij convallium fuave rubentis. H. Reg. Par. 461. Apocynum ere£tum ; folio oblongo ; flore Umbellato, petalis coccineis reflexis. Sloan. Hift. I. 206. Tab. 119. fig. 4 5c y. 461. Apocynum minus, redum, Canadenfe. Cornut. 93. 463. Colutea Orientals-, flore fanguinei coloris, lutea macula notato. T. Cor. 44. 464. Coma Aurea, Germanica. Park. Theatr. 688. 465. Crarnbe maritima j Braflics folio. T. 21 1. 466. Cyanus montanus, latifolius ; vel Verbafcu- lum Cyanoides. C.B. 273. 467. Cyanus ; anguftiore folio. Si longiore, Belgi- cus. H. Reg. Par. 468. Elychryfum Africanum ; folio oblongo, fub- tus cano, fupra viridi ; flore luteo. Boerh. Ind. 42. 469. Elicrhyfum Africanum ; folio oblongo, angu- ftoj flore rubello poftea aureo. Boerh. Ind. 42. 470. Elichryfum Americanum, annuum ; folio oblongo, ex angufto, in Crbem definente. 471. Galeopfis foeditiffima j fpica longiflima alba. Micheli. 472. Hedyfarum triphyllum, fruticofum $ flore purpureo ^ liliqua varie diftotta. Sloan. Hift. 184. Tab. 1 16, f. 2. 473. Heliotropium maritimum, minus ; folio glau- co ; flore albo. Sloan Hift. I. 213-Tqb. 132. f. 3. 474. Malvinda ; Xanthij fere folio j fruftu Lap- pa ceo, pentacocco. T r’tfoJio- ( \ ) l’rifolio affinis, Indite Orient alts, Xanthij fa~ cie. Breyn. Cent. Tab. 3 y. 47 y. Malvinda j Ficus folio ; floribus luteis, in Umbella foliacea nafcentibus. 476. Martynia annua, villofa & vifcofa ; folio fubrotundo ; flore magno rubro. D. Houfton. 477. Polium montanum, luteum. C. B. 220. 478. Polium montanum, album. C.B. 221. 479. Polium ere&um, album ; anguftiori folio, &C fpica. 480. Polium Pyrenaicum, fupinum ; Hederx ter- reftris folio. T. Inft. 206. 481. Polium fupinum ; anguflo, minime crenato folio ; flore flavefeente. 482. Quinque-folium j folio fubtus argenteo, ma- jus. [an fliiinquefolium Pyrenaicum folio fubtus argenteo. T. Inft. 297. 483. Qiiinque-folium j foliis profunde Sc elegan- ter incifis ; flore luteo petalis cordatis. Cat. Plant. Agr. Florent. Hort. Pifan. 142. 484. Quinque-folium, minus repens, luteum.' C. B. 329. 487. Salvia Orientalis ; foliis alatis. D. Sherard. Salvia Orientalist latifolia , birfutijfma , vifcofa , pinnata ; flore cf Calice purpureis j inodor a. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 167. cum fig. opt. 486. Salvia Orientalis; foliis alatis-, major. Horminum Chalapenfe \ alato folio j flore map ore, rubicundo. Hift. Ox. III. 394. 487. Stramonium iEgyptiacum ; flore intus albo, foris Violaceo. 488. Stramonium ferox. Boccon. Rar. $0. A 2 489. Ti- 489. Tithymalus Americanus ^ hartato folio, pe- diculum verfus contraction 6c utrinque finuato. A . D.Houfton. 490. Tithymalus Cypariflias. C. B. 191. 491. Tithymalus Creticus, characias, anguftifolius- 6c incanus. T. Cor. 1. 492. Tithymalus heliofcopius.. C. B. 291. 493. Tithymalus j foliis fubrotundis, noncrenatis. Peplus diftus Raij Syn. 494. Tithymalus latifolius. [an 'tithymalus la - t if 0 lius Hifpanicus. C. B. 291. 499. Tithymalus marjtimus, minor, Portlandicus. D. Stoneftreet.'. Raij Syn. Ed. 3. 313. Tab. 24. f. 6. 496. Tithymalus Myrlinites, latifolius. C. B. 290. 497. Tithymalus, tuberofa, Pyriformi radiee.. C. B. 292. 498. Tithymalus villofus ; folio lato 6c obtufo, Nervo medio infigniter albicante. tithymalus Hi- hernicus Merret. Pin. Raij Syn. 183. 499.. Valerianella Cornucopoides, rubra.. Mor.- Umb. yco. Xanthium Lufitanicum, Spinofum. par. Bah 439. -* '} ■' *•' ^ ’ " • « , ■ ' ’0 ' i , ' f 1 m II. Explanation of an Effay on the life of the Bile in the Animal Oeconomy, by Alex- ander Stuart, M. D. I Thyfician in Ordinary to her Majejly, F. S. and of the College of IP hyficians . Vide N0, 414. IN that fhort Effay on the Ufe of the Bile in the Animal Oeconomy, N°. 414, of the T ranj'adti- ons of this Society , fome Points, which required a farther Illuftration, having been there, for the fake of Brevity, only hinted at} it is neceffary, and I hope may be of fome Ufe, to fet thefe Points in a dearer Light : Which I (hall endeavour to do, by folving fuch Difficulties, and anfwering fuch Remarks, as have occurred in Converfation. and Correfpondence one that Subjed. The firft Remark which deferves Regard is, that I take no Notice of the Effed of the Gall fpilt up- on the external Coat of the Intejtinesftom. the Wound in the Gall-Bladder , whofe Stimulus on the Out- fiae is fuppofed fufficient to have produced, and to have folved all the Phenomena,, or Symptoms ob- ferved and related in the Cafe : So that all the Symptoms which I attribute to a Want of the Sti- mulus of the Gall on the Infid e of the Intejlines , might have been more properly aferibed to the fame Stimulus y acting upon the Outfide of the uppermoft: Guts fituated neared to the Gall-Bladder , whofe compieat Contraction by the Force of that Stimulus ,, expelling; < 6 > expelling the Air out of their Cavity, and forcing it into the inferiour Guts (as in windy Cholics) would have diftended them to the Pitch mentioned in that Effay. At the fame time it is acknowledged, that had the Gall been carried clean out of the Body by any Vent, fo as that no Stimulus had remained to aft either upon the Infide or the Outfide of the In- tejlines , then my Way of accounting for the Symp- toms had been good, and the Conclufions juft. I acknowledge that there is fome Appearance of Reafon for this Remark, and the Objeftion which it implies ; but the whole Strength of the Argument lies in a Suppofition that a Stimulus on the Outfide of the Intejtines , is capable of exciting a Contrafti-. on, fupplying the Want of that Stimulus on the In- fide, and alfo of caufing a preternatural Diftenfion of the whole Canal. The Contrary of all which I (hall endeavour to prove. In order to this it is neceifary to premile, what perhaps may not have been universally adverted to, yet can be no fooner propofed than acknow- ledged. i. That the whole Action of the Nerves , whe- ther in Senfation or in Mufcular Motion, is exerted at their Extremities only. x. That the Sides of the Nerves every where along their whole Tracis, are entirely infenfible, and ferve neither for Senfation nor Motion. The apparatus of Nature towards both thefe Addons makes this plain. Towards Senfation we fee, that the medullary Subftance of the Nerves at their Extremities is diverted of its Coverings, which are Proceffes of the Dura and Pia Matery and ends bare ( 7 ) bare in the Form of fmall fofr Papilly^ fromjthek Figure, called by Anatomijis Pyramid ales , on the Surface of the Cutis , covered over with the Cut i cula, where they act their Part in Senfmon, or Feeling, Tailing, and Smelling. The foft denudated Branches of the Optic Nerve which compofe the Retina , and what for the fame Reafon is called the Portio Mollis of the Auditory Nerve, the immedi- ate Intlruments of Seeing and Hearing, prove the fame. Again, it is the Extremities of the Nerves that enter with their Coverings into the Mufcle^ and into each Fibre of the Mufcle to which they belong ^ where they depofit their Contents, or aft their Part in mufcular Motion. But the Sides of the Nerves along their whole Trads, are infenfible or void of Feeling, becaufe their medullary Subfiance, and its Contents, which are the only immediate Inflrutnents of Senfation in them, are here covered with the Pia and Dura Mater , the laft of which is the ftrongeft, denfefl, and mod impenetrable Membrane of the whole Body, capa- ble of defending and conveying the tender medullary Subftance of the Nerves and its Contents, fafe, un^ hurt, and undiffipated to the feveral Organs of Sen- fation and Motion, at their Extremities the Seats of their Adion. A further Confirmation of this from Experience, is the Infenfibility of the Side of a large vifible Branch of a Nerve , which fometimes happens to lie bare and expofed in a Wound or Ulcer, where it will bear the Touch of the Probe without feeling,' and occafions no more Pain than in Wounds and Ulcers of i 8 ) df the fame kind, where the Nerves are not expofed, unlefs the inverting Membranes, the Dura and Tia Mater , be by, any Accident wounded, lacerated or corroded ; in which Cafe, the medullary Subrtance being laid bare, exquiiite Pain is felt, and very fe- vere Symptoms enfue, which are hardly to be over- come, or never fo eafily as by cutting the Nerve quite through, fo as that the Extremity may retire within the FleCh, and the medullary Subrtance be protected by it. J By which it appears,that the Sides of rhe Nerves are infenfible or void of Feeling, and that the Extremity of the medullary Subrtance, either by Nature, or by Come Accident, laid bare, is the only immediate In- ftrttment of Senfation. This being premifed, the Stru&ure of the Inte* iflines , the Parts in Qu eft ion in the Cafe before us, comes to be confidered. The IntejHnes are made up of four funics, or Coats. The firft, or external Coat, is a common mem- branous Covering, borrowed of the Peritoneum. The fecondis compofed of their annular, contradile, mufcular Fibres, the immediate Inftruments of their periftaltic Motion. The third is the nervous Coat, a reticular Plexus of Nerves intermixed with Blood-FeJJels and Glands, plac’d immediately under the mufcular, and over the villous Coat. The fourth is the villous or innermoft Coat, on the concave Side, rightly called villous, as it appears view’d through a Microfcope ; tho’ from its Appear- ance to the naked Eye, it be erroneoufly call’d the mu- cous ( 9 ) cous Coat. This is generally allowed to confift of the capillary Extremities, or rather Roots of the Lac- teals , and the excretory Duffs of the Glands, which together form thefe Villi that are feen in if. Among thefe, fuitable to Analogy in all other Parts of the Body, the Papilla Pyramidales, or Extremities of the Nerves , are lodg’d under the Cuticula of the nervous Coat, for the Ufes of Senfation, fo necelfary for the Purpofes of Nature, in this very fenfiblePart the Infide of the Guts, which is known to be fo quickly and necelfarily affected by the Qualities of their Contents. The proper Nerves of the firft or outward Coat, are thofe of the Peritoneum, of which it is a Part, arifing from the Medulla Spinalis of the Loins and Os Sacrum: Whereas the Nerves proper to the Guts , are of the Par Vagum , and menfenteric Plexus : Therefore as there is no Communication of Nerves between this external Coat or Covering, and the proper Subltance of the Inteftines them- felves, a Stimulus aiding upon this external Coat only, would not affeft the Guts fo as to excite any confiderable Degree, either of Senfation or Motion in them. Again the proper Nerves of the Interims , whofe Origin, Difpolition, and Situation have been already defcribed, terminate either in the mufcular contractile Fibres of the Coat immediately above them, or car- ry their Extremities to the Infide, where they termi- nate under the Cuticula , for the ufe of Senfation : fo that a Stimulus on the outfide of the InteJHnes, befides the Difficulty of palling through the two exter- nal Coats, before it could reach the proper Nerves B of ( l Q ) of the Guts , would at laft only irritate their Sides, where they are infenfible, becaufe covered with the Dura Mater : And if it might be fuppofed, that fuch a Stimulus as is in Queftion, to wit, the Gaily could have penetrated through thefe Coats in- to the Cavity, where the fenfible Extremities of the proper Nerves, of the Guts lie expofed to it, yet fuch a Filtration through all thefe Coats^ as it could not be performed foot), nor in great Quantity, fo it would enter at laft, diverted in a great Meafureof itsgrofter, faline, oleaginous, and pungent Parts, by the Filtra- tion, and thereby lofe the Power of a Stimulus on the Infide -r as the Situation of the Parts, and Dif- pofition of the Nerves above defcribed, made it an in- effectual one on the Outfide, as much as if it had been carried quite out of the Body. To conclude, if the Gall fpilt on the Outfide of the GutSy had been capable of exciting a Contraction in any Part of them, fo foon as it came to cover the whole Surface, it muft have had the fame EffeCt equally every where, and the whole Canal fhould have been found contracted to its fmalleft Diameter : Whereas it was found every where diftended to a great Pitch. ... It is therefore plain, that a Stimulus on the outfide of the InteJlineSy has not the EffeCt of fuch a Sti- mulus on the Infide. It can neither excite them to a Contraction v promote their periftaltic Motion j nor fupply the DefeCt or Want of fuch a Stimulus on the Infide, much lefs occafionfuch an univerfal Detenti- on, or account for the Symptoms arifing from it,,, which is what I undertook to prove. It c u y It was for thefe Reafons, and to avoid' Prolixity, that the Gall fpilt on the outfide of the Intejines, was not taken Notice of in that Eflay. The fecond Difficulty is how a frefh Recruit of Chyle fhould be a Caufe of Sleep. The Experiments which I made before this Society , as printed in Tranfaff. N°. 424, I hope may ferve to juftify what I fhall here a flume, concerning the Na- ture and Exiftence of the nervous Fluid , or animal Spirits, in the Solution of this fecond Difficulty. The Argument which has been offer’d, runsthus: It is well known that People after eating plentifully are often inclined to Sleep, long before the Chyle can be fuppofed to be got into the Blood ; therefore a frefh Recruit of Chyle cannot be the Caufe of Sleep j but there muft be fome other Caufe, at leaft at that time. Which Caufe isafligned by fuppofing, that after a plentiful Meal the diftended Stomach will load and opprefs the defcending Aorta, fo as to hinder the Blood in its Defcent, and thereby force a greater Quantity than ufual into the Aorta Afcendens , which by its diftended Branches in the Brain will ob- ftruffc the Secretion of the Animal Spirits through the Glands of the cortical Subftance into the Origin of the Nerves , and thereby produce Sleep. This being generally efteemed a mechanical Ac- count of the Caufe of Sleep after Meals, deferves the greater Attention. In anfwer to which, if fuch was the true Caufe of Sleep after Meals, it ought to have the fame Effeffc upon the Cerebellum , from whence moft of the Nerves^ that ferve in the natural and vital Fun&ions, B % arife ( M ) arife^ and' fo would hinder thefe Fun&ions, to wit Digedion, the periftaltic Motion, Refpiration, and the Circulation of the Blood, all which, on the con- trary, are obferved to be more regular and ftronger in Sleep, than when we are awake ; at lead in a healthy and temperate Perfon, who has ufed mode- rate Exercife. Again, Gluttony, Drunkennefs, and Flatufes, which overload the Stomach, a'nd therefore, accord- ing to this Hypothecs, ought to produce the quieted and mod ferene Repofe in Sleep, do, on the contrary, bring Inquietude, or broken and interrupted Red ; and when to the greated Excefs, a lethargic Sleep, which is a Difeafe for the Time, and fometimes ter- minates in Death. The Incubus alfo, which is judly fuppofed toarife from an Inflation or Didention of the Stomach, in a fupine Podure in Bed, opprefling the Aorta Defcen- dens, ought to produce quiet Red; whereas nothing diflurbs more, asitfird brings the Perfon out of quiet Sleep into a fort of waking Dream, with a Senfe of Oppreflion, and at lad awakes him quite, in a kind of Terror, with Palpitation of the Heart. And indeed as nothing contributes more to found and quiet Red than an eafy Digedion and Refpiration, a fedate, equal and regular Circulation of the Blood’, that is, an uninterrupted Function of all the natural and vital Parts ; the Reverfe of thefe, and particu- larly an interrupted or difficult Circulation, if to any confiderable Pitch, mud produce the contrary Ef- fefts, to wit, Reftleffnefs or Inquietude of fome Kind or Degree; as in Fevers and other Didempers attend- ed with fuch Irregularities of the Animal Oecanornyu The ( m ) The Difficulty which is fuggefted about the Chyle's not getting Coon enough into th e. Blood, by the Way of the LaUeals , to produce this Effect in fuch as deep immediately after a plentiful Meal, vaniffieth when we confider, that this very rarely happens, at lead never attends temperate People, in perfect Health, and in a temperate Climate ^ but fuch as are grofs Feeders, Drunkards, Corpulent, Short-neck’d, by Conftitution or Make liable to Apoplexy or Palfy, or have for* merly fuffered by fuch Diftempers, or live in a hot Country. In grofs Feeders, Drunkards, and fuch as are Cor* pulent, from thefe Caufes the LaHeals are never quite empty ; in fuch the Food of the prefent Meal, by exciting the periftaltic Motion, will, in a few Minutes, prefs forward the Chyle of the preceeding Meal into the Blood. In full Veffels or T uhes the Re- ception and Difcharge will be inftantaneous, or nearly fuc'u ; becaufe fuppofing the Appertures to be free or unobltrucied, as much precifely will iffue at one Extremity of a full Veffel or Tube, as is forced into it at the oppolite Extremity ; and that inftantaneoufly, becaufe of the Contiguity of the Globules, or Par- ticles of the Fluid it contains. In Short-neck’d People the Paffage between the Heart and the Brain being proportionally ffiort, the Force or Momentum of the Circulation in the Brain, is by fo much the greater; but a ftrong and fwift Circulation is an Enemy to all Secretions, as is evi- dent in Fevers, and mechanically demonftrable ; for all the Secretions being bvlateral Branches going off ator near to right Angles (which is vtry remarkable in the Brain J a fwift Circulation or Motion along or parallel to ( U ) to the Axis, carries along with it what fhould be laterally fecerned. Hence a Paucity of Animal Spirits in Short-neck’d People, who by this Make are liable to Apoplexies, Palfies, Coma’s, Lethargies, a Liftleffnefs, Inadivity, and Drowfinefs, efpecially after Meals, when the frelh Chyle has got Admiflion, to abforb a Part of the already few remaining Spirits, which muft be recruited in Sleep. Again in hot Climates, a continual YVafte or Dif- fipation of the Spirits by Heat, makes the Inhabi- tants generally lazy and unadive : In fuch the re- cent Chyle., the grodeft circulating Fluid of the whole Body, will quickly abforb the few remaining Spirits, and difpofe them to deep after every Meal : Except when the Cool of the Evening checks Per- fpiration and the Evaporation 'of thofe Spirits, which were recruited by Sleep in the Day-time, and there- fore remain plentiful enough to fupport their Aftivi- ty after Supper, when the Budnefs of the Meaner, and Diverfions of the richer Sort begin; which, in colder Climates, is the Cafe after Breakfaft and Dinner. For a farther Confirmation of this, Brandy, and the Spirits of fermented Liquors, are known to pro- duce a droufy Stupidity in fuch as drink them to any Pitch, and an habitual Dulnefs in habitual Drinkers of them ; and, when drank to Excefs, throw the Drunken into a kind of lethargic Sleep for fometime. Yet the Quantity taken down, fufficient to produce thefe Effeds, is never fo much as to load or diftend the Stomachy fo as to opprefs the Aorta Defcendens , or to hinder the Circulation downwards ; and .therefore cannot be fuppofed to produce Sleep or Sleepi- ( *5 > Sleepinefs in that Manner, but in a different Way, which fhall bedefcribed in the Sequel of this Difcourfe. Thus this Pofition concerning what has been gene- rally eileemed a mechanical Caufe of Sleep after Meals, being, I think, fufficiently refuted, it remains that I endeavour to eflablifh fuch a general Caufe of Sleep, as may be conformable to what is advanced in the Eifay under Confederation. I believe it will hardly be denied, that the Caufe of Sleep in general is a Want of a fufficient Quan- tity of animal Spirits for. the Ufe and Exercife of the animal Funftions: Therefore whatever prevents their Recruit ; hinders or impedes their Secretion ; abforbs or fetters them when produced j and whatever ex- haufls or evaporates them, by occafioning a Paucity of Spirits, will, in a healthy Perfon, produce a Lift- lefl'nefs, Lazinefs, a Tendency to Sleep, or Sleep it- felf, in Proportion to that Paucity of the remaining Spirits. If we enumerate all the known remote Caufes of Sleep or Sleepinefs, we fhall find that in fome one or other of the Ways above fet down, they do all of them tend to produce this immediate or proximate Caufe, to wit, an Impairment of the nervous Fluid, or animal Spirits, and thereby bring on thefe feveral Difpofitions to Sleep, or Sleep itfelf. All the remote Caufes of Sleep, or Sleepinefs, I think may be fully comprehended in the four following Particulars, and conlidered in the follow- ing Order. I. Exer» ( i6 ) I. Exercife. II. A too plentiful Meal. III. Drunkennefs, or a too great Quantity of fermented Liquors, or of their diftilled SpU rits. IV. The whole Tribe of Narcotics , or Soporifics', of which Opium , and its feveral Preparations, are the chief. I. Exercife appears to wafte all the Fluids, and particularly the animal Spirits, the aftive Inftruments of all Motion j fo that the Remains are not fuflicient for the Exigencies of the natural and vital Functions; and alfo to fupply the Demands of voluntary Motion, and to aflift in Senfation, and the Operations of the Mind. And here it is proper to fhow how this Wafte ne* celfarily brings on Sleep in a healthy Perfon, and how the natural and vital Motions, and Functions of Digeftion, Refpiration, and Circulation, notwith- ftanding this Wafte, do neceffarily go on in Sleep, leading the Remains of the Spirits to their Affiftance, and making the Deficiency fall to the Share of the animal or voluntary Motions and Organs of Sen* fation. In order to Ihew this, let us obferve what is very obvious, that when any Mufcle is brought into Afti- on againft our Will by a fuperior Force, as when a ftronger Man bends or extends my Arm contrary to my Will or Inclination, the Benders orExtenfers of my Arm fwell and contraQ: in the fame manner, and the Afflux of the Blood and Spirits to the con trading Mufcles, ( <7 ) Mufcles, is the fame as when I do it voluntarily : Therefore by any external or adventitious Force, the Blood and Spirits will be derived upon the Part thus forced into Action. But all the natural and vital Parts have fuch an •external or adventitious Force continually aiding upon them. In the Prim# Kite the Weight and other Qualities of our Food and Drink, mixed with Air and Bile, excite the periftaltic Motion, as necelfarily as the Weight of a Clock, or Spring of a Watch wound up, keeps the Wheels and Pendulum, c"Y, in Motion. The Chyle forced from thence, together with the Blood returning into the Heart, as necelfarily fet its elaftic Springs at work, and the fame Blood and Chyle forced into the Arteries by it, make their Diajtole and following Syjtole inavoidable. The Air by its Elafticity, and the whole Weight of the Atmofphere, forceth itfelf into the elaftic Pipes and Velicles of the Lungs, and dilates them ; which by their Elafticity and Mechanifm, aflifted by various Mufcles, and the Ribs and Cartilages of the Thorax , as necelfarily repel it in Expi- ration. It is therefore evident, that all thefe natural and vital Parts are a&ed upon, and fet at Work by an external adventitious and irrefiftible Force, continu- ally exciting them whether we will or not, whether awake or afleep ; therefore the Blood and remaining Spirits after Labour, will be mechanically and ne- ceffarily led to all thefe Parts that are thus forced in- to Action at all times, but efpecially moft regularly and copioufly in Sleep, when all external Objects C ceafe ( 18 ) ceafe to follicit our Senfes, and the Will does no longer determine the Spirits into the Mufcles of vo- luntary Motion 5 which two Kind of Actions, as well as the Operations and Paffions of our Mind,, do, in the Day-time, make ftrong Derivations of the Spirits from the natural and vital Funftions j which, for that reafon, are never fo perfed as in found and undifturfa- ed Sleep. Thofe who are acquainted with the Doftrine of Derivations and Revulfions, founded upon innume- rable Obfervations in the Animal Oeconomy and Practice of Phyfick, do know, that a Flux of any of the animal Fluids arifing from Nature, or from a Difeafe, or provoked by Art to any one or more Parts of the Body, or to any Organ of Secretion or Excre- tion, will caufe a fenfible proportional Diminution of the Afflux to, and of the Secretion and Execretion by the other Parts and Organs. Therefore fo foon as a Deficiency of animal Spi- rits happens by Labour, or from any other Caufe whatever, that Defed will be firft felt in the Organs of Senfation, the Mufcles of voluntary Motion, and the Operations of our Mind ; becaufe thefe are not acted upon by fuch powerful and irrefiftible Agents, as the Organs of the natural and vital Fundionsare in perfed Health 5 for the Mind being fenfible of the Defed of Spirits for its Aftions and Operations, choofeth to forbear 5 we retire from external Objects, and then the Whole of the remaining Spirits are led to the natural and vital Organs, by the Mechanifm above defcribed 5 and the Organs of Senfation and voluntary Motion muft be entirely deferted by them for that time j which is the State of Sleep, and which ( x9 ) which will continue until a greater Quantity of Spi- rits be recruited, than is confumed in the natural and vital Functions ; at which time the Redundancy or Overplus begins again to be fecerned into the other de- ferted Nerves, to wit, into thofe of Senfation and volun- tary Motion ; which, flowing now copioully into the relaxed Mufcles , excites Stretching, Yawning, C£r. and at laft roufeth out of Sleep. II. A too plentiful Meal is known to caufe a Hea- vinefs, Ina&ivity, Lidleffnefs, an Averfion to Mo- tion or Aflrion, a Drowfinefs, Sleepinefs, and in fome Sleep itfelf, foon after eating. It has been prov’d above, that this cannot proceed from a Diftention of the Stomach j I have alfo en- deavoured to prove, that in fuch the La Heals are never empty, and that the Chyle of the preceding Meal is forced through them into the Blood by the fucceeding, almoft inftantaneoufly, orfo foon as the peridaltic Motion is excited or encreafed by the Food taken down, which mud be during the time of fuch a Meal, or very foon after, according to the Degree of Fullnefs of the Laldeals before that Meal. What Change then can we imagine to have happened to the Body in this time of a Meal fo remarkable, and fo likely to affedl the Oeconomy, as that of the Admif- fion of a Fluid into the Blood, much groffer and lefs fluid than itfelf ? Such a Mixture mull render * the whole Mafs groffer, or of a thicker Confidence than before, as it quickly mixeth with the finer, and abforbs its mod fluid Parts ; but it will hardly be de- nied, that if there is fuch a Fluid as animal Spirits, they muff be the fined and mod depurated Fluid of the Blood x Thefe therefore will be abforbed, and C z mixed ( 20 ) mixed with this groffer crude Fluid the Chyle, and therefore will be diminilhed by it 5 and being thus in- tangled, will be more difficultly fecreted, andinlefs Quantity: Hence that Paucity of Spirits, which will difpofe tofleep in the manner above-defcribed, in fpeak- ing of a Paucity of Spirits after Labour or Exer* cife. Ill, How far ftrong fermented vegetable Juices or Liquors, and their diftili’d Spirits drank to any Pitch of Excefs, do bring on Sleep, or fome Degrees of it, has already been fa id. The diftilled Spirits of fermented Liquors, are known to leffen all the Secretions and Excretions, and therefore are of ufe in Diarrheas, in exceffive and colliquative Sweatings ; and I have known French Brandy, taken incautioully, to have put a Stop to a Sweat procur’d by Sudorifics. In habitual Drinkers of them, they gradually leffen the Secretion of the Bile, and infenfible Perfpiration, and thereby bring them at laft into the Jaundice and Dropfy. Spirituous Liquors, and particularly French Brandy in the mod remarkable Manner, being mixed with the Blood as it flows from a Vein into a Porringer, unites the ferous with the globular red Part of the Blood, to fuch a Degree, as that no Serum feparates from it in many Hours, and in fome not at all ; an Experi- ment which may be eafily made ; which {hews in what manner it hinders the Secretions in the Body, thefe • being all of them of the ferous Kind: Hence that great Impurity of the Blood arifing from a Reflraint of the Secretions in fuch People ■, and alfo that Paucity of Spirits, the general Caufe of Sleep and Dulnefs, very different from the Alacrity and Vivacity of the Temperate, and even of Water-drinkers. That- ( >1 ) That therefore which fetters or binds up aii the Serofities , or m oft fluid Parts of the Bloody and proves a ftrong Copula between them and the red Glo+ bules thereof, may be reafonably fuppofed to fetter or tye up the fineft Fluid of all, to wit, the animal Spirits with the reft, ana in the fame manner to hin- der their Secretion, and thereby produce Sleep, or fome fuch Degree of it as is above-mention’d. IV. As to Opium, and all the Clafs of Soporifics? if we compare the vifible Effects of them with what has been faid above of Brandy, or Spirits of fermented Liquors, we fhall find them much the fame* Opium is known to leflen or fupprefs all the Secretions and Excretions, and is therefore of fuch remarkable ufe in Fluxes, Rheums , Catarrhs , See* it has indeed been conceived to be a Sudorific , but that only in Compofition with Aromatics , as in Ve- nice or London Treacle \ or with f aline Bodies; as the Sapo Tartar eus in the PiLMatthtf io r Starkij ; and that too aflifted by plentiful Dilution with warm Sack-Whey, or fuch like Liquors, and the Addition of Volatile Spirits of Harfs-Horn, &c. which are known to thin the Blood, as Mr. Leewenhoeck' s Mi- crofcopical Obfervations, and the mixing of thefe vor latile faline Spirits with Blood , as it runs out of the Vein into a Porringer, do fufficiently evince. Which, fliews, that thefe Volatile Salts are good Correctors of Opium, as they break down and colliquate the Blood, and therefore tend to promote the ferous Se- cretions, which Opium by itfelf, and all diftilTd Spirits of fermented Liquors do retain, or reftrain for fome time, incorporating the Serofities with the _ < ia ) red Globules of the Blood , as has been obferved before. In hot Countries, where large Dofes of Opium are taken, the Effects are nearly the fame with what we obferve in Drinkers of diftill’d Spirits of fermen- ted Liquors $ to wit, a fmall Dofe exhilerates, a greater brings on fome Degree of Drunkennefs, or temporary Madnefsj this encreas'd will lay to Sleep, and a very great Dofe will kill. In this Comparifon therefore, may we not juftly conclude a Parity in the Caufes, from the Similitude of the Effe&s ; though all thefecondary Qualities of fuch Caufes, which offer themfelves outwardly to our Senfes, be apparently very different ^ thus Gun- powder is as much a latent Fire as Brandy, and will exert itfelf in that Shape to a far greater Degree than it, in equal Circumftances, that is, by the leaft Con- tact of Fire j therefore, I fay, that though Brandy and Opium {hew no outward Refemblance to our Senfes in Smell, Tafte, Colour, Confidence, and fuch like fecondary Qualities, no more than Brandy and Gun-powder ; yet if in proper and equal Circum- ftances, that is, in Contact and Mixture with the Blood, they produce the fame, or nearly the fame Effects, we may juftly conclude, that there is a la- tent Similitude of primary Qualities in their Natures, which they make manifeft in proper and equal Cir- cumftances, in producing the fame or parallel Effects. But it has been fliewn above, how, -and in what manner Brandy fetters and intangles the animal Spirits, and other Fluids of the Blood , uniting them to d intimately with the groifer Parts, and thereby hin- ( 1$ ) hindering their due Secretion for fome time 5 whence a Paucity of Spirits, which difcovers itfelf by an Inequality and Irregularity of their Diftribution in Drunkennefs ; a ftill greater DefeQ: in Dulnefs and Drowiinefs ; yet more in Sleep, and a total Suppref- fion of their Secretion, as well to the natural and vi- tal as to the animal Organs, which is Death, the Ef- fect of the greateft Dofes either of fuch diftillM Spi- rits or of Opium. From what has been faid on this Subject, it feems as plain as the Nature of fuch a Phyfical Demon- fixation will admit of. I. That the univerfal Caufe of Sleep is a Paucity of animal Spirits. II. That this Defeft will arife from whatever ex« haufts, waftes or evaporates them when produced, as Labour or Exercife ; or from whatever abforbs them, as a great Quantity of crude Chyle, recently and fud- denly admitted into the Blood , in the Time of, or foon after, a plentiful Meal or whatever can fetter or reunite them with the groffer Parts of the Bloody as much as Brandy or fpiritous fermented Liquors and Opiates . All thefe either by evaporating and wa- fting them, or by hindering their Produftion or Se- cretion, do bring on that Paucity of Spirits fpoken of, and Sleep or fome Degree of Sleepinefs, as a neceffary Confequence. Yet it will be ftill true upon the fame Foot of Reafoning, that where the Blood is extreamly depura- ted, and the Secretions and Excretions from it already perfectly performed, as in long Faffing the whole Mafs of Blood is become only fit for the Secretion of Spi- rits j. has no Crudity or Impurity in it, to abforb or fetter t 14 ) Fetter the Spirits already produced j and no crude Chyle admitted to anfwer that End ; in fuch a Cafe Opiats can have no EffeQ:, the Spirits cannot be abforb’d, fetter’d or reftrained, where the Qualities of theMafsof Blood do not concur to tlratEffed. Another concurring Caufe of the Inefficacy of Opiats in the Cafe of Failing, is, that all the natu- ral Parts, thofe, to wit, of the Primes Via', which ferve for Digeftion, are at Reft, for want of the Weight and Stimulus of Food, and alfo of the Gall in the Cafe referred to, to keep up their periftaltic Motion ^ therefore few or none of the Spirits being fpent on thofe Parts, there is a greater Supply fent to the animal Organs of Senfation and voluntary Motion ; and indeed in fuch a Cafe even the vital Parts for Refpiration and Circulation do afl but very flug- gilhly for want of a Recruit of Blood and Fluids pro. per to excite their F unftions : Hence alfo the Supply of Spirits to the Organs of Senfation and voluntary Motion, is by fo much the greater ; and the Polli- bility of reftraining their Secretion, for the Reafons above affigned, impracticable by any Power of Opi- um., without theAcceffion of a frelh Recruit of Chyle. Hence alfo thofe who have any confiderable Defed in the natural and vital Functions, or in either of them, by Obftruftions of the Fife era, are generally T>ad Sleepers, or Watchful j and in fuch Opiats have but little Effed to procure Reft j with this great Dif- advantage, that by impeding the Secretions, they in. creafe the Obftrudions j though in many Cafes, where the Vifcera are found, they muft be acknowledged to be excellent Medicines, What it. . _ ( M ) What has been faid, will alfo fufficiently account for the anodine Power of Opium ; for if it impedes the Secretion of the animal Spirits, the immediate aftive Inftruments of all Senfation, it inuft certainly obtund or abolilh for that Time the difagreeable Sen- fation of Pain. The third Difficulty is, how Pus ffiould be the ProduQ of Chyle , and not of the Blood or Serum . As to which, I think it would not be difficult to prove' that all the grofs Secretions are from the Chyle ; thefe being only the Depurations of it in Sanguifica- tion, or in order to bring that crude and grols Fluid the Chyle into pure and deficated Blood, from which no Secretion can afterwards be made, but of that pureft Fluid , which it fecretes into the Nerves for the Ufe of the whole Oeconomy, If this be true, then Pus in a Wound, Ulcer, or Impoftume, being a very grofs feculent Humour, is likelier to iffue from the Chyle than from the purer and more defecated Part of theMafs^ but the farther Proof of this would be too tedious for this Place. N. B. The Reader will he pleafed to excufie an Owijfion in § VII, of Symptoms in the EJfay here re- ferred to , N° 414, p. 344, relating to the Quantity •of Urine, where the following Words ought to have been added , [Not exceeding 3, or at mod 4 Ounces in 24 Hours, fo far as I was able to judge without meafuring it.] E * D III. A ( ». 9 1 45 27 ■ r ‘ • 10 r9 44 14- 1 2 40 12 12 14 1 2 59* 2 21 9 4 14 8 41 45 4 15 37 56* 16 3 10 30 6 10 6 46 17 21 39 12 8 4 35 38 ■ *9 16 7 55* 9 23 4 32 21 10 36 35 1 1 *7 33 25* 23 5 5 *3 12 2 17 ?24 2 3 33 52 15 6 31 11 26 18 2 2 6 z7 i 00 6 28 12 31 qo*: 18 19 29 00 30 6 59 . 33 20 *3 57 54* ( 27 ) Eclipses of the firjt Satellite of Jupiter, Immerfions. I Emerfions. I Emerfions. D. H M s. |D. H. M . s. D. H. M. , s; 18 22 22 2 9 5 17 17 1. May. 20 16 5° 47 7 I I 46 9 2 1 28 4 22 11 *9 8* 9 6 15 17 ■ 3 19 56 32 24 5 47 30 1 1 00 44 26 5 14 25 2* 26 00 x5 55 12 l9 13 37 7 8 53 ro* 27 18 44 20 14 13 42 49 * 9 3 23 '59 2 9 *3 1 2 45 16 8 12 3 IO 21 50 24 18 2 4* 18 12 16 18 47* JULY. 19 21 10 33 14 10 47 8* 21 15 39 50 Emerfions 1 7 4i 1 i 23 10 9 s~ n ¥ r 2 5 3 2 9 39 , 25 4 38 26 1 b 7 9 4 20 3S 10 26 23 7 47 18 1 53 3^> 6 15 6 44 28 17 37 7 *9 20 2 1 50 8 9 35 18* 30 12 6 30 2 1 23 25 26 ' 28 14 9 3 22 1 6 50 18 46 15 43 IO* 28 46 I 1 6 10 it *3 *5 *7 4 22 17 1 1 5 3 32 1 29 5* 53 31 *3 57* 43 September. 1 6 35 5i* 3 1 5 13 SO 1 1 1 1 32 *9 00 27 29 4 *9 34 35 r 20 18 5^ 18 6 14 3 57* J UNE. 22 *3 25 8 8 8 33 20* 1 5 39 48 24 7 54 00* 10 3 2; 43 3 00 8 1 26 2 22 55 11 21 3 2 5 4 18 36 16 27 20 5.1 52 i3 16 1 27 6 13 4 3°* 29 15 20 52 *5 10 30 49 8 7 3 2 46 3i 9 49 52 *7 5 00 9 to 2 1 1 18 23 29 28 jj 20 29 18 August. 20 47 5S 47 *3 14 57 34& Oil 2 2 12 28 6 15 9 25 52 2 4 18 55 24 6 57 22* *7 3 54 10 3 22 47 57 26 1 2$ 37 D 2 2 y i ( 28 ) Eclipses of the firfl Satellite of Jupiter. Emerfions. Emerfions. -s T Emerfions. D. H. M. S. D. H. M. S. D. H. M. S. 27 19 55 50 20 20 12 27 14 I.4 50 OO 29 14 25 00 22 14 41 8 Jupiter and the Sun 24 9 9 47 in Conjunction." October. 26 3 38 25 * pi p 4* 1 27 22 7 2 December. I 8 54 9 29 16 35 33 ? u T* 3 3 23 16 3i 11 4 2 Jupiter and the Sun 4 21 5 2 2 1 in Conjunction. ’ 6 1 6 21 24 November. * f if ' r - V ' i w 1 8 10 50 26 2 5 32 28* Immerfions. 10 5 26* 4 00 OQ. 50 21 16 21 3 1 1 23 48 25 5 18 29 7 23 10 48 45. 13 18 17 19 7 12 57 23 25 1 5 16 25,; 15 12, 46 12 9 7 25 35 26 23 44 10 7, 15 1 1 1 1 53 45 28 18 n 55 *9 1 43 45 12 20 21 53 30 12 39 40 Eclipses of the fecond Satellite of Jupiter. Immerfions. Immerfions. January. 9 l8 12 32* 24 9 50 I 16 7 57 r3 7 30 13 27 23 8 5 8* 5 2 4 18 40 00 9* 16 20 20 48 ro 5 2 59 31 12 27 12 15 19 7 56 2T 1 2 10 29 27 56 32 23 27 23 24 12 42 ‘ * t 60 & 4 April. 1 45 22 23 46 J7 - c M-A.RGH. 7* 15 3 26 13 3- 14 3 2 00 22 1 1 11 4 2 1 go 2 20 19: . 6 15 8~ 39 j 59 H J7 39 #- ' > M 4 10 4 36 18. 6 57 i'5 ^ £ February. 13 *7 4f5 16 21. 20 2 *5 37 35' i7 '7, 42 1 2 5 9 33 . 6 4 55 00 20 20 32 6 t2 8 22 51 Immerfions. 8* 4* 5° 2 3 (fi9 ) EciiPSEa of thefecond Satellite of Jupiter 'limrerfions. \] Emerfions. T3 7 r - : j Emerlions. . I— Hf. i D. H. M. s. t>. H. M, S. D. H. M. s.. 9 3 14 16 i . May, 1 1- 16 3 2 9 ■- October t 1 6 5 , 50 15 Ci l/il : . • 1 ! * 1 . 2 1 2 9 . 00* 19 19 8 23 V M O 4^ op 43 6 1 26 ;3 1 2i 8 26 43* 6 OO f 33' 9 14 43 59* 26 2i 45 10 9 13 26 16 13; 4 1 1 20. 3° 1 1 3 47 13 ^ 44 53- 7 o£ 16 16 3 18 Emerfions Q r 0 £ August. 20 , 5 1 2i 27* 16 i9 54 45 •vTT z3 . !8 39 £7 20 9' f 12 3* 3 00 22 29 27 7 57- 2-5 > 23 22 29 48 6, 13 4i. 19 30 . 21 15 8 27 11 46 if 10 3 00 i7 31 1 3 36 16 19 19 November’'. ' 1 t r *7; 5 3? z7 36 JVNEm > I OS 20 18 57' 37 3 10 32 - r- r 24 8- 16 55* 6- *3 49; 5i 3 14 20 41* 27 21 3^ 15 10 13 6 55' 7 3 37 45 3i 10 5:5 38 14 2 23 49 10 16 54 54 J upiter and the Sun ; i4> ‘6; I2: '4 ! September. m l Conjunction. 117, *9 2^ 16 U.VI x » . ; c 21 8 4$ 31 ; 4. 00 45-: ; 1 . "04 December's 24 22 3 51 ! 7 !3 34 21 0 c. .. 5 28 . II 21 : I?# 1 1 2 53 4-6 Jupiter and the Sun , r 14 16 *3 4 in Conjunction;; : JULyt Q 18 5 32. *3 *9 iz 23 54 ■ r . 21 18 51 36 i i3 : I; 39' 49 * i Qq 38 'V 56- 49 25 & 10 46. 1 z6 14 55 : 48 Si 2c m Zl 29 45- 3,9.' 4 ” Sz- Jam*-? ( 3* > Eclipses of the third Satellite of Jupiter. D. H. M. S. jANUAkV* Immerftdns. 6 2 3 . 54i 59 H 3 55 4?- 2i 7 52 2 28 11 49 2 Emerfions. 7 2 17 13 14 6 13 22 21 10 10 10 28 14 7 40 February. Immerfions. 4 15 46 40* 11 19 44 52 * * * 6 * * * * * 12 18 23 43 35 26 3 42 45 Emerfions* 4185 50 11 22 4 36 *9 2 3 55 z6 6 3 43 March. Immerfions. 5 7 42 2*-: p. H. Mr ~S. 12 n 42 3* If 9 4i 54 i 26 19 41 39 Emerfidns. p 1 5 i^£ 3 57 12 14 4 19* 19 18 4 50 26 22 5 17 April. Immerfions. 2 23 41 18 10 3 40 51 17 7 40 1 24 11 38 52= - Emerfions. r ~ ' t •3 2 -5 38 10 6 5 53 ] May. Immerfions. D. H. M. S. June. Immerfions. 27 23 17 § Emerfions. 6 *3 56 4 x3 17 54 3 20 21 52 12 28 1 £0 38 July. Immerfions. 5' 3 15' i5 12 7 13 52 19 ri 13 4* 26 15 12 45 Emerfions. 5- 5 49 33 12 9 48 58* 19 x3 49 00 26 17 49; 31 August. I x5 37 21 Immerfions. 8 x9 35 Emerfions, 30 2 9 x9 *3 12 13 59 42 16 2 1 55 17 3 14 49 23 € CO 13 24 7 iS 12* 30 9 53 j 2* p *7 52 August Inter hxc verb jure fuo eminent, Sciurt fic diffi volantes , quod quafi velo quodam, yel pe- culiar! inftrumento yolatorio, prx aliis inftrudH fmt. Alterum horum invenio in Catalogo & cDefcrip - tione Animaliurn Levini Vincent ijy 1726, f. 8. Centur. primdy Num . 91. Sub nomine*. Sciurns Virginienjis volans , fine ulteriori defcriptionc ; Inte- rim Amicus quidam mihi retulit, Dominum * ** * Londinenfem, Sciurum Virginienfem habuifle, qui per integram Hyemem dormitans, nonnifi admoto calefadtorio quodam evigilaret, ubi pedem unum alrerumque moverat, uique dum plene experge- fadtus, vitam rurfus agere videretur. Alterum in Grewij Mufeo regalis Societatis, p. 20, fub nomine, Flying Squirrel ; quem Autor Sro animali habet, quod fiub nomine Felis yolantis efignat Scaliger Exerc. zi 7. 5.9. Alterum exhibit Lawfonius in hiftoria Provincial Carolina: India: Occidentals ; Alterum denique Gefnerus de Quadrap . p . 743. Murem Ponti- CUM AUT ScYTHICUM SIVE SciURUM VOLAN- tem et latum, appellat. Animal ipfe non vidit, fed tantum Cutem ejus expanfam, quam eti- am delineandam curavit. Dabo aliquam hujus ul- timi Hiftoriam. Superiori anno 1 717, 19 Martij, Sereniffimo Poloniarum Regi Augufto II, duo ejuf- modi Sciuri volantes vivi a Capitaneo Minfcenfi, Joanne Ignatio Zawifza, Varfavix fuerant oblati; hos obfervavit, & alterum eorundem mortuum, ex- amini fubjecit Magniftcus at Heucher, Confiliarius Aulicus, 5c Archiater Regius, ejufdemque figuram cor- ( ) corporis expanfi, nec non Sceleton delineatum Fig. 2, 3, pro humanitate fua, mecum commu* nicavit, Eodem anno, Celfiflima Princeps Radzivilia, fu- premi olim Cancellarij, Magni Ducatus Lithuanian IlluftriffimaConjux, Hortum St Mufeum meum prx- (entia fu& illuftrans, ejufmodi animalculum vivum inihi promiferat, quod etiam prxterita xftate, anni prxfcntis, 1 728, curante Clariffimo Floerckc, M. D. St Archiatro Priocipis, obtinui, vitam adhuc agcns. Quod ad Patriam ejus attinet, ortum fuum ha- bet ex fylvis Capitaneatus Kriczovienfis, Diftridhis Mohilovienfis, in confiniis Ruffian Ajunt autem Mohilovienfes, hxc animalia cavas inhabitare quercus, St Mufco Betularum congefto, eidem fe involv entia, per integram diem dormire, nodiu verb lxtari, efcamque fibi quxrere ; Hinc fieri, ut Sequentem in modum capiantur : Ubi Venatores judicant, Sciurum latitare, in quadam arbore cava, retia ad foramina ex arbore exeuntia applicant, & circa radicem arboris, ad truncum cavum igtiem ex- citant quamprimum ergo fumus in arborem furgir, & cavitates permeat, iliico Sciuri derelinquunt ni- dum, retibuique irretiti, in terram decidunr, St Vc- natoribus in prxdam cedunt. Naturalcm magnitudinem illius, quern habeo Fig. 1. exprimit. Minor itaqx& eft Sciuro vulgari, major mure Avellano, noftras fylvas frcquentancibus (No- ftratibus Sciuri volantes Reges familix fuse, d\Cenf£0‘ See ®cautwtcke, audiunt). E 2 Pellis ( 3* ) Pellis molliffima, pilis cams Sc ex nigro cirierete eleganter pidta. Ingentes & extantes habet oculos, nigros, afpe&u pulcberrimbs, aures parvas, dentes acutiflimos, qui- bus exquifite mordet; Pterique enim maligni font : Nofter fatis mitis eft % non appetit morfo digitam, ori ipfius admotum* irritato tamen fidem vix ha- beat curiofos. Caudam, extra faltum conftitutus, grata afpe&u, tergo apprimit, Petauriftam verb agens, demittit, hinc inde agitaas. Vefcitur pane non condito fale, & fommitates Betulx recentes in deliciis habet, guces non curat, neque Amygdalas. Ledtum ex mufco Betularum egregie difponit, eun- demque pedibus, mira facilitate attrahens, in ipfo quafi fepukus jacet; interdiu eodem nan nifi follici- tatus, aut fitir preflus, exit. Quod ad ejus inftrumentum volatorium attt- net : Cutis a lateribus inftar velir ad palmam fere expandi poteft, quod ipfum velum pofterio- rum pedum genubus adhserer, cum anterioribus verb articulationi oflex connedtitur: Ad ex- tremitatem mode* d idte articulationis cutis quafi plumofa. Ubi quietus confidet, aut grefllis naturales facit, articulatio hxc, cum pedibus parallela diftingui nequit ; quamprimum verb faltum facir, mo- vetur ilia, & cum anteriori pede angulum quafi* redbum format, unde cutis* prout antea didtum, expanditur, quamvis etiam validus paniculus car- nofus, integram cutem perraeans, feltum former fecnndet. Hinc ( v ) Hinc colligo, Animalculum hoc proprie now tolare, fed loca, qux fibi propofuit, magis dif fita, facilius, ac reliqua animalia fui generis faltu attingere, faltufque majores perficere poife, quod velis fuis mediantibus, diutius in aere morari valeat. Cum hoc Sciuro noftro volante conferatur Vefpertil'to admirabilis Bontij, in Hift. Nat . & Med . hid. Orient . cap. XVI. apud Tifon . p. 68. Ipfe Pifo dubitare voluit, an Vefpertilionum fa- milix adfcribendus effet, “ Quod felis fit magni- “ tudine, ventre Sc pedore craflo, & carnofo, ^ item, a cervice capitis, ad unguium ufque ex- “ tremitatem, merabrana continuata, inftar veil ex- panfi pene cooperiatur adde, quod velum hoc a fubtus quidem membranaceum, ut in aliis, lanu- u gine venulis 6C fibris obdudum appareat, fed €k extus perpetuis molliflimis pilis, cuniculorum 4< more, canis Sc ex nigrocinereis, mirum in mo- * dum veftiatur j turn quoque plicis ill is, quibus “ alxj more aliorum, contrahuntur, 8c relaxantur, “ deftitutus, longitudinis autem fit trium fere pedum* ejufdemque latitudinis ” Quod verb, ut Bontius afterit, hujufmodi Vefper - ti Hones admirabiles gregatim , anjerum Jylveftri- um inftar , volitenty illud ipfum, mole hujus anima- lis, ejufque ftrudura, rede perpend, rnihi perfua- dere non poffum, quin potius exiftimem, ad Sciuros noftros volantes talia animalia propriiLS accedere, cademque velis fuis, prout noftros, eundemque in finem, uti. Nec obftac fides Bontij in eo, quod circtk ( J8 ) circa ve/per am in acre , vet arboribus penduli con - ffikiantur ^ quin potius inde evinci poterir, illos vefpertriliones seque ac Sciuros noftros volantes in- terdiu dormire, circa vefperam verb, latebras fuas derelinquere, atque arbores per faltus frequentare, itaque tanquam Petauriftas velut pendulos in aere confpici, faltu autem abfoluto, in arboribus pendu- los inveniri. De ca:tero, nam hi Vefpertiliones admirabiles, pari jure, quo Gefnerus Sciuros noftros volantes dixit, appellari queant, Fetes volantes, de eo non adeb follicitus fum. Coronidis loco riotandum, rei veritate niti, quod Gefnerus ex Vincentio Beluacenfi 8c Olao Magno refert ; Sciuros, vulgares quando aquam tranfire cupiunt, lignum leviliimum aqux imponcre, eique infidentes, SC cauda (non tamen , utvult , eretta, fed continuo mota ) velificantes ( neque flante ven- to7 fed tranquillo aquore) tranfvehi*, quod fide dignus fidufque meus Emiflarius ad Infulas Goth- latidix plus fimplici vice oblervavit, & cum fpoliis in littoribus ibidem coller. Smith F. ^ 5. A BCD, in Fig. 4, is a Cylindrical Veflel fil- led with a Fluid to the Height W, in which is immerged the Barometer S V, confifting of the fol- lowing Parts ; the Principal of which is the Glafs Tube T P (reprefented Separately at t f) whofe upper End T is hermetically lealed ; This End does not appear to the Eye, being received by the lower End of a Tin Pipe G H, which in its other End G receives a Cylindrical Rod, or Tube S T, either hollow or iolid, made of any Materials whatfo- ever , thereby fixing it to the Tube T P. The Rod S T may be taken off^ in order to put in its ftead a larger or lefier, as Occafion requires. S is a Star at the Top of the Rod ST, which ierves as an Index, point- ing to the graduated Scale L A, which is fixed to the Cover of the Veflel ABCD. M N is a large Cylindrical Tube made of Tin (reprelented iepa- rately at m n) which receives in its Cavity the fmaller Part of the Tube TP, and is well cemen- ted to it at both Ends, that none of the Fluid can get in. The ( 4° ) The Tube T P, with this apparatus, being fil- led with Mercury, and plunged into the Bafon V, which hangs by two or more Wires upon the lower End of the Tube M N, muft be fo poized as to floit in the Liquor contained in the Veffel AB CD, and then' it will rife when the Atmofphere becomes lighter, and e contra. Let the fpecifick Gravity of Quickfilver be to that of Water, or to the Liquor the Barometer floats in, as s to i : and if it be propofed that the Variations of this Compound Barometer lhall be to the contemporary Variations of the common Barometer in the given •Ratio of * to i, this Effect will be obtain’d by ma- king the Diameter of the Rod S T to the Diameter of the Cavitity of the Tube H I,, as V'— to i ns ■’ which may be thus demonftrated. Let us luppofe that the Variation of the Height of the Quickfilver in the common Barometer, called v, ‘is fuch, that a Cubic Inch of Quickfilver lhall rife into the Vacuum XT; in order to which a Cubic Inch of Quickfilver muff rife from the Veffel V, that is, the Surface P muft fubfide fo far, that a Cubic Inch of Water (if that be the Fluid made ufe of) lhall en- ter the Veffel V, by which Means the Barometer 'with the Parts annexed will be heavier by a Cubic Inch of the Fluid. Now this additional Weight of a Cubic Inch of 'Fluid will make the Whole Barometer fubfide (ac- cording to the Laws of Hydroftaticks) ’till a Cubick Inch of the Rod H S, immediately extant above the Surface at W, lhall come under it ; but the Length { 4l ) of fuclia Magnitude of HS will exceed the Length of an equal Magnitude of Quickfilver in the larger Tube X, as much as the Square of the Diameter at X exceeds the Square of the Diameter at H (the Lengths of equal Cylinders being reciprocal to their Bafes). That is, the perpendicular Defcent of the compound Barometer will be to v, the perpendicular Afcent of the Mercury in the common Barometer, as d to i (fuppoling this the Ratio of the Bafes) and confequently will be equal to d v. But by this Defcent, the Diftance P W between the Surface of the ftagnant Quickfilver and the Top of the Fluid will be augmented by a Column, whofe Height is d v, the Defcent of the Compound Baro- meter ; and confequently the Weight of the whole Column of the Fluid preffing on the lower Surface of the Quickfilver (to which the Height X is partly owing) will beencreafed by a Column of that Length, and this Increafe, would produce a fecond Afcent of the Mercury at X equal to itfelf, namely d v, were the Fluid as heavy as Quickfilver ; but fince it is fup- pofed to be lighter in the Ratio of s to i, the Afcent of the Mercury on this Account will only be-^-^ But now, as in the former Cafe, when the Afcent of the Mercury was v, the Defcent of the Compound Barometer was fliown to be dvt fo here the Afcent d c v of the Mercury being - — > the Defcent of the Com- s pound Barometer will be - ~ and the next Defcent d d dv s s and the next d*‘ v and fo on to Infinity F There (42) Therefore the whole Defcent of the Compound Baro^ meter, is to the Afcentof the Mercury in the common Barometer, that is,» is to i, as d -f- -j- -f. &c. to i* or as — to i s • ' a of the Series being in Geometrical Progreffion, the Sum of them all is Hence we have n =— 1 £ s—d s — d and n s = d s -f* dn\ that is, i : d s in s : : s ss s becaufe the Terms n s : i and i : -y /d, that is, the Diameter of S T to the Diameter of H I, as - to i. Q_.E. D. n s Example I. Putting s — 14 and n — 1, the Va- riations in each Barometer will be equal, by taking the Diameter of ST to the Diameter of HI as V— : 14 that is, as 30 to ry nearly. Example II.* If n be put infinite, the Diameter of ST will be to the Diameter of HI as V— t0 I> s or 1 to V that is, as 1 to 3 \ nearly. The Bottom of the VefTel V, and the Ends of the Tubes, ought to be made rather round than flat for their more eafy Motion up and down in the Fluid. It will be convenient to have a fmall Bafon fix’d up- on the Star, to contain Shot for the more eafy poifing the Barometer in the Fluid. VI. An ( 43 ) VL An Account of a Book, intituled Chriftiani Ludov.GerftenTentaminaSyftematisnovi ad mutationes (Bamnetri ex natura ek- teris aerei demonftrandas, cui adje&a Tub finem, Diflertatio Roris decidui errorem antiquum Sc vulgarem per obfervationes Sc experimenta nova excutiens. Fran- cofurti MDCCXXXiir, in 8W- I Shall not here give any Account of the various Hy- pothefes, which have been invented by the Learn- ed, to folve the feveral Phenomena of the Barome- ter, and to explain the Changes of the Weather con- fequent upon the Rife and Fall of the Mercury, but refer my felf to the ingenious Author of this Ef- fay, who alfo propofes a new one, drawn from the Nature of the Elafticity of the Air, and delivered after the manner of the Geometricians. The Effay itfelf confifts of three Chapters ; the firft is wholly Mathematical, containing a new The- ory concerning the Propagation of tremulous Vibrati- ons along a Series of contiguous elaftic Bodies. The fecond applies this Theory to the Solution of the chief Appearances of the Barofcope, and the laft explains the feveral States or Conftitutions of the Air and Weather connected with them. F x To ( 44 ) To give a clearer and fuller Apprehenfion of this Matter, our Author thinks it neceifary to alter the common Definition of Elafticity, and ufe the following new Terms : The natural Equilibrium of an Elaftic Body ; its violent Equilibrium ; and the Line of a tre- mulous Vibration. By the natural Equilibrium of an Elaftic Body, Mr. Gerjen means the external Figure and Extenfion, which an Elaftic Body naturally has, when free from all external PrelTure. By a violent Equilibrium, he un- derftands that State or Degree of Expanfion which an Elaftic Body is kept in by fome external compreffing Force ; and he calls that the Line of a tremulous Vibration, which a Point taken at Pleafure in an Ela- ftic Body defcribes during the Vibration. I pafs over, for Brevity fake, the Corollaries drawn from his Definition of Elafticity concerning the Ac- celeration and Retardation of a Vibration, as alfo the Defcription and Ufe of an Inftrument contrived to prove the Truth of what he had advanced; nor (hall I take any particular Notice of Prop. Ill, IV, V, and VI, wherein he treats of the Velocity of the Elaftic Bodies in their tremulous Vibrati- on, of the Motion of ftretched Strings, and their ifochronal Vibrations. In Prop. X he demonftrates, that fuppofing three Elaftic Bodies to be detained in a violent Equilibrium in the fame Line of tremulous Vibration, if the mid- dle be farther compreflfed on all Sides, fo as ftill to remain contiguous to the neighbouring Bo- dies, it may bereftored, by tremulous Vibrations, to a greater Extenfion than it had before. He then (hews ( 45 ) {hews the fame to be true, fuppofing the elaftic Body be placed between feveral other homogeneous elaftic Bodies, in the State of a violent Equilibrium. For the Ufe and Application of all this, he refers ustothe third Chapter. The XI and XII Proportions deferve particular Regard : In the former he defcribes a Machine , by which any curious Perfon may enquire into the Phe- nomena and Laws of the Propagation of a tremulous Motion : In the latter he explains and demonftrates the Theory of thofe Propagations, found out by the Help of this Machine. The Subftance of them is this. Suppofe a Series of elaftic Globules or B Rings, a, b, c, £fc. in the Line of a tremulous Vibration A B, to be kept in a violent Equilibrium, an Obftacle being placed at A and B. Let us fuppofe alfo, the laft Ring a to be comprefled farther towards A, &c. foas that the Space left in the Line of Vibration may be taken up by the others. Thefe Things being fuppofed, the Au- thor aflerts, that by the Reftitution of the comprefled Ring a , the Force im- prefled will be propagated through the other Rings by an individual Aftion, i. e. the Ring a in reftoring itfelf will firft aft only upon b , and comprefs it by the Difference of the Forces. Then b being comprefled, will transfer the Force it receives, not backwards, but into the Ring ( 4« > Ring c, by an individual Action, and comptefs it likewife in Proportion to the Difference of the Forces, and fo on in the other Ring?. So that the Compreflion of the laft Ring or Body is to be look’d upon as it were like a Subfiance or Body put into Motion, which continues in Motion, ’till it meets with fomething elfe, that makes an equal or fufficient Refiflance. From the Whole Mr. Gerjlen draws this material Propofition, that the Body a may after this manner acquire, by repeated Vibration?, a greater Expanfion in the Line AB, than it had before, provided the Series be long enough, fo that the Force impreifed may not be foon reflected. This Matter is treated of more at large in the following Propofitions, to the end of the Chapter. The fecond Chapter is an application of the 'theory deliver’d, to the Solution of the Phenomena of the Barometer, after the following manner. The Particles of Air, fays Mr. Gerjlen, however unknown in other refpe&s, are very well known to be capable of receiving and propagating tremulous Vibrations : From hence it follows, as alfo from fome Prin- ciples of Sir Ifaac Newton, that the Air (as in Prop. V ) may be dilated by repeated tremulous Vibrations \ and by Prop. VJ, thefe Vibrations may be generated or produced by a confufed Motion of the Particles of the Air, or by the Agitation of a Wind. The Author in Prop. VII and VIII, undertakes to demonftrate, that the Dilatation produced by the Motion of a Wind, is lefs when the ambient Air has a Motion the fame Way, than if the Wind moved with ( 47 ) with the fame fenfible Velocity againft the quiefcent Atmofphere ; but that this Dilatation would be greater, if the Atmofphere had a Flux or Current in a Direftion contrary to that of the Wind. Mr. Gerjlen demonftrates in the next Proportion , that a perpetual Eafterly Wind will reign in all Places within the Tropics, arifing from the diurnal Heat; and that this Wind will diffufe itfelf to the other Regions without the Tropics, and have a Di- reQion declining from the Eaft towards the North or South, according to the Situation of the Region on the terreftrial Globe; that its Morion will be more remifs, the nearer the Places are to either Pole, and that the Angle of Declination from the Eaft will be greater for the fameReafon. The preliminary Propolitions being thus fettled, he proceeds in Prop. XIX, to account for the riling and falling of the Mercury in the Barometer thus. The Air of the Atmofphere in our Regions has a na- tural Motion or Current, whofe Direftion is fitua- ted between the Eaft and NorthPoints of the Com- pafs. If therefore a fpecial Wind Ihould fpring up and blow in a contrary Direftion, it will produce tremulous Vibrations, and confequently Dilatations of the Air ; then equal Bulks of the dilated Air dilated, will have a lefs Quantity of Matter than before: Therefore the Gravity of the Air will be lefien’d, and by Confequence the Qiiickfilver in the Weather-Glafs will fall. And this Decreafe of Gravity in the Air, and of the Height of the Mercury in the Barofcope, will be proportional to the Greatnefs of the Force of the Wind and Degree of Oppolition of its Di- reftion to that of the Flux of the Atmofphere con- un&ly. This ( 48 ) This, fays 'hlx.GerJten, is the Reafon why theMer- cury fails when Southerly or Wefterly Winds blow, and why the Quickfilver finks fo very low when thefe Winds blow Storm. On the contrary, fince the Effe£t ceafes when the Caufe is removed, the Height of the Mercury will be greater, the fewer fpecial Winds there are blowing in a contrary Dire&ion. So that the gentle Winds that blow from the Points of the Com- pafs which lie between the North and the Eaft are, as the Author believes, nothing but the natural and univerfal Motion, Current or Flux of the Atmof- phere impeded by or meeting with very few fpecial Fluxes. In order to illuftrate and confirm the Truth of the Demonftration of this Experiment, he hath in Sc hoi. i. quoted the Experiment of Mr. Hauksbee , in his PhyJico-MechanicalExperim. Sett. V.Experim. 5, pag. 114. Edit. a. The Defign of Prop. XX is to prove, that a fpe- cial Wind blowing parallel to the Direction of the univerfal, will permit the Mercury to ftand at a great- er Height, than if it had blown in a contrary Direc- tion with the fame Force. This he confirms by three Obfervations of his own in the Scholium an- nexed. Proportion XXI {hows why the Defcents of the Q,uickfilver are fuccefiive, and do ufually, as well as regularly, precede the Arrival of the Winds that caufe them. Proportion XXII afllgns the Reafon why very confiderable Alterations in the Rife or Fall of the Mercury are obferved at the fame time in different Places, though they are at a great Difiance from each other. In ( 49 > In Proportion XXII I, he takes into Confideration what Influence the Heat has on the Variations of the Barofcope , and denies that it caufes any fenfible Changes : However, in the fee ond Scholium of this Propofiuon, he explains by it, why the Limits of the Variations of the Mercury lefien, as the Places are nearer the Propics, The third or lajl Chapter is taken up in ac- counting for the various Changes of the Weather con- ne&ed with, or confequent upon the Rife and Fall of the Mercury in the Weather-Glafs. The inge- nious Author beginning with the Original and Man- ner of forming Vapour?, undertakes to fettle and con- firm, upon folid Principles, that which the learned and fagacious Dr. Halley had long ago communica- ted to the learned World, upon this Argument. In Proportion VI, he makes ufe of the Princi- ple mentioned before, concerning an elaftic Body, that itreftores itfelf to a greater Degree of Expanfion than it was in before its tremulous Vibrations; and en- deavours, from thence, to ^ explain more particularly the Way, that Nature takes in forming and defend- ing the Cavities of the vapoury Bubbles, and after- wards emiting or detaching them from the Surface of a Fluid. Propoftion VIII gives an Account of what will happen to Vapours, according to this Theory, when the furrounding Air is condenfed, or rather com- prefled by an external Caufe. Mr. Gerfen affirms, that in this Cafe it is not poflible for them to defeend. In the Scholium fubjoined, he enlarges upon this Sub- ject, and maintains, that the fame will happen if the G Ait ( SO ) Air be condenfed by any internal Caufe, for Inftance, Cold. It was this Proportion, as the Author informs ' us, that put him upon enquiring more exactly in- to the Nature of Dews, which by their Fall in a cold or condenfed Air feemed to contradid this Part of his Theory. The Refult of his repeated and la- boured Enquiries is a Dijfertation, wherein he under- takes to prove by a Variety of Experiments, that Dews do not fall, as both the Vulgar and Learned believed before, but rife out of the Earth. Of this we (hall give a brief Account, as foon as we have obferved, that in Proportions IX and X, he confiders what will happen to Vapours in any external Dilatation of the ■ Air ; and in Propofition Xf, (hows, that in that £afe the Clouds are tefolved into Rain ; and upon this he deduces, from the two laft Propofitions, the Reafon of the Defcent of the Mercury in the Barometer in rainy Weather, and, on the contrary, of its Afcent in fine Weather. The Defign of the Dijfertation annexed , is to en- quire into the Nature of Dens:, explain its Ori- ginal and Kinds. ' ... \ , • ", All Dews, according to our Author’s Philofophy, owe their Original either to Vegetables or terrefirial afcending Exhalations. Such as derive their Origin from Vegetables, hejtakes to be only Exudations of their Leaves, &c. congealed by the Air. Before he enters upon the Proof of thefe Pofitions, he gives us three general Obfervations regarding the Circum- ftances that are requifite, in order to have a plentiful Dew ( SI ) Dew in any Place. As firft, the Place in the Day* time mull be expofed to the Rays of the Sun for a confiderable time j for in fhady Places, or where the Sun Haines but little, little or no Dew is to be found. There tnuft alfo be a confiderable Difference between the Heat of the Day, and the Cool of the Night ; and in the laid Place a fufficient Moifture in the Earth. In treating of that Kind of Dew which is a Secre- tion or Exudation of a Juice in Vegetables, he ob- ferves, that fome Plants furnifh the Speftator with a very entertaining Sight, the little Drops of Dew being difpofed after a very regular, not fortuitous Man- ner, upon the Surfaces or Edges of their Leaves. He gives us the Figures of fome of them in a Plate. ■ To determine whether this beautiful Difpofition of the dewy Particles is owing to a Defcent from the chill’d Air over the Plant, or a Secretion made from the Juices of the Plant itfelf, he covered feveral with Glaffes, or earthen Velfels, having their Mouths downwards ; and yet the next Day plenty of this kind of Dew appeared in its ufual regular Form. As to the next Species, or common Dew, he pro- duces fo many, and fo differently made Experiments, again# the vulgar Opinion of its Defce nt that if they be all true, it feems difficult to fupport it a- gainft them. I fhall mention fome of the prin- cipal. For two Months together, viz. June and July in 1718, every Night, feveral fmooth Plates of Brafs G z were <: 50 were laid upon the bare Ground ; and duringthefe Ex- periments, he never obferved the lead Impreflions or Traces of Dew on the upper Surfaces, w’nreas the lower were always covered with it. He repeated the fame Experiments lad Year, and with the fame Succefs, excepting in one Cafe, where a Plate lying too near fotne Lavender, was bedewed a little on that Part of its upper Surface, which was next the Plant, the oth-cr Part however remaining dry. He alfo fu fpended thefe Plates by Threads, in an hori- zontal Situation, and found the Dew fpread almoft equally over both Surfaces, 3t tile Height of three, /our, or five Feet} at the Didance of one Foot and a half, the Lower was more bedewed ■, but at the Heights of one, two or. three Inches, the lower was overfpread with Dew, while the upper had none. He is fo impartial as to mention in Section XVf, forne Experiments which he made, and at fird View feem’d to contradict; his Theory : For Indance, when he ufed convex Bodies, whether round or cylindrical, he found the upper Surface covered with Dew, and that, whether they were laid upon the Ground, or fufpended at any Height from it. This Obfervation is general, and extends to Bodies of . this Kind, that are only contiguous, as Heaps of Straw, Hay or Wool. It is to Obfervations of this Kind, the vulgar Opinion of Dews falling, owes its Birth and main Support. Mr. Gerjten therefore propofes to confider thefe didindly in another E(fay. But lead any Argument fhould in the mean time bedrawn from them againd this Hypothefis of theAfcent. of Dews from the Earth, he oppofes Experiment to Experiment. Thus ( Si ) Thus in Seftion XVII, he lays upon the Ground a Board two Foot and a half long, eleven Inches broad, and two Inches and a half thick, with a Quarter of a Sheet of Writing-Paper upon it, having about an Inch hanging over one Edge of if. To fecure the Paper from being removed out of its Place by the Wind, he fattens it with an Awl ftuck perpendicularly, having a round wooden Handle, and lays a Knife with a cylinaric wooden Handle, as an additional Weight. Upon liis Return to fee what EffeQ: the Dew had upon them, he found that the; fmall Part of the Paper which was extended over the Edge, was moiftened with Dew, while the reft of the paper, as alfo the upper Surface of the Board, were dry, but the upper Parts of the Handles of the Awl and Knife all wet. An Experiment fomethihg a-kin to this was made with a Glafs Tube laid horizontally upon a JBrafs Plate fourteen Inches fquare, having about two Inches and a half reaching beyond the Side of the Plate. The Tube was kept from rolling by two Paralle- lepipeds of Lead. The'Evenf was^ the whole Sur- face of the Tube was bedewed, while the upper Sur- face of the Plate remained dry. In Section XXI, XXII, we have a Set of Experi- ments made with concave Veffels, having their Mouths upwards, and placed at different Elevations above the Earth. In thefe Cafes alfo he found no Dew at the Bottom of their Cavities, nor on the Sides, except within about an Inch near the Brim. Since Hoar-Froft is only common Dew congealed, he applied himfelf to make fome of the fame Kind of Experiments upon that, with Brafs Plates laid upon the ( SA ) the Ground as before. Thefe likewife he found co- vered with this kind of Frofl below, but free on the upper Superficies, agreeably to his Hypothefis. The Author clofes the Differtation with a curious Inquiry into the Nature and Original of Honey-Deiv. This he takes to be nothing but the Excrements of fome Infects which are to be met with, adhering to the lower Superficies of the Leaves of Plants ; and appeals to the Evidence of Senfe for a Demonftra- tion. Let any inquifitive Perfon, fays he, lay a Piece of Paper under any of the Leaves abounding with thefe Anmalcula , and in a fmall Space of Time, he will find a Liquor, or foft Subftance, the very fame with what we call Ros Mellis , gathered together in good Plenty upon it. FINIS- J Numb, 418, PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. For the Months of April, May and June, 1733. The G O N T E N T S. I. An Account of the Experiments Jhewn ^jSigifmund Auguft Frobenius, M. D. F. S. at a Meet- ing of the Royal Society on Nov. 18, 1731, with his Spiritus Vini zEthereus, and the Phof- phorus Urinae, from the Minutes of that Day , by* Cromwell Mortimer, M. D. but I found that a much more fimple appara- tus was fufiicienr, than the pompous Machine he made ufe of. I took a ftrong wide-mouthed Glafs Jar, which ferves as a Stand for the Concave Glafs Difh to reft on. In the Middle of the Glafs Difh is a Hole communicating with a Pipe, which goes down into the above-mentioned Jar. Inftead of the Golden Bafons, a China Cup a little warmed, ferves perfectly as well for burning off the Phofphorus : The laft and main thing is a large Glafs Bell, which fits nearly clofe upon the Glafs Difh. This Bell may be eafily lifted off and on with the Hands by an Affiftant, without any Frame or Ropes to fufpend it. y I took one Ounce of Phofphorus^ which I defla- grated in the fame manner as is deferibed in Dr. Frohenius\ Experiment, and obtained of the white fublimed Flowers ten Drachms, that is two Drachms more than the Weight of the Phofphorus before De- flagration : They were fat very light as to their Vo- lumen, that they juft filled an half Pint Pot. The ten Drachms of Flowers being fet in a cooL moift Place, expofed to the Air, did relolve into a Liquamen , weighing four Ounces and two Drachms, which Liquamen much refembles 01. Sulph. per Campanam * but contains an acid Salt* more fix'd in the Fire than any other Salt we know of in Nature, and having many other Properties peculiar to itfelf, which other acid Saits have not. The Phofphorus receives this fix’d Acid from the Urine only $ for the Salt of Urine is fo fix’d, that upon a live Charcoal with a blowing Pipe it plays and rolls about like Silver upon the Cupel. Where- (6c) Whereas all other liquid Acids evaporate with Eafe; this on the contrary is fo fix’d, as to require a greater Heat for its Evaporation than that which keeps Lead in Fufion.; and the Phlogijtkh Part, notwithftanding its Lightnefs, is fo intimately and firmly conne&ed with the reft of its Principles, as tofuftain a Degree of Heat equal to that of red hot Iron, during which Heat the Salt fparkles and emits Flames very bright for a good while, which is very wonderful and agree- able to behold j and this Sparkling being over, it re- mains red hot in Fufion, and perfeftly tranfparent ; and by greater Heat may be vitrified, as will be Ihewn hereafter. I put the above-mentioned Liquamen into a Glafs Retort, which I fet in a Balneum Maria , and di- ililled it to a ftrong Infpiffation. It yielded only an infipid Phlegm, except that towards the laft it came over a little impregnated with the Acid, but not (harper upon the Tongue than as if it had been a Mixture of Vinegar half an Ounce with Water four Ounces. Then removing the Retort with the infpiftated Liquor into a Sand-Furnace, I increafed the Heat gradually, fo as to make the Sand and Retort tho- roughly red hot, ’till at laft the Bottom of the Retort was ready to melt ; I then left it’till next Day, when being perfefldy cold, I broke the Retort, and found a mod admirable white Salt at the Bottom, which was fo united with the Glafs as not to be feparated from itg and fome was fpread all over the Retort quite up to the Neck, and, as near as I could guefsby View, it feemed to be as much in Quantity, could I have taken it out to weigh it, as the original Phofphorus from whence it was produc’d : Its Tafte was very ( tfv T {harp and faline but notwithftandingits great Fixi- ty in haying endur’d a melting Heat for feveral Hours, it relented agaip in a moift Air, and in a few Days was entirely refolvcd into a Llquamen. The Phgfphorus , after its Deflagration,, leaves an almoft fix’d red Earth, or Caput mortuv.my behind it, as is mention’d in Dr. Frobenius’s Experiment. Although one would have imagin'd that all the in- flamable Parts of the Phofphoms had been burnt off in the firft Deflagration, which feemed very violent, yet this red Earth retains fo much of an unHious PhlogiJFtc , that being placed over a red hot Fire, it fwells up, and keeps in Fufion a great while, emit- ting Flames and Flalhes of Light, fo long as it is kept upon the Fire; but when cold again, if expo- fed to a moift Air, it relents and refolves as the Flowers do: For the acid Salt of the Urine adneres- fo ftrongly to if, that although it undergoes feveral ftrong Ignitions, it will relent again as often, when fee in the Air. I took feme of the white Salt that ftuck to the Retort, and in order to try the utmoft Degree of its Fixity, I put feme of it into a Crucible, and gave it a vitrifying Heat,, in which it remained feme Hours, but was not yet run to Glafs, appearing only, like a fix’d white Earth as hard as Stone, and (hining as if it was juft ready to vitrify ; yet it was fo far fix’d, as not to relent any more in the Air ; had no faline Tafte,. nor was diflolvible in Water. I there- fore took another Portion of the fame Salt of Phof- phorus,. which I kept a longer time in the vitrifying Heat, and I.found it at laft run into perfeft Glafs. < ix ) Thus we fee what a wonderful Subjeft is Phof- phorus ! And how furprifing is it that fuch an infla- mable Body, confiding of the undious and acid Parts of the Urine, fhould thus become Glafs ! The Conclufion which I muft now make from this remarkable Experiment is, That here is a perfeft Tranfmutation of Bodies ; the Phofphorus being tranfmuted into a fine tranfparent Glafs of a bluilh green Colour, coming nearer to the Hardnefs of a Diamond than any other Glafs, and in the fame Quantity as the Phofphorus at fird ufed, which, without any Addition, produces this Glafs Ounce for Ounce. Here I mult flop, having brought thefe wonderful Experiments to a ne plus ultra. I fhall add here further, that the crude Phofphorus , without any Deflagration, but only cut very fmall, or fcraped fine with a Knife, and laid upon a Glafs Diih in moift Air, will in about a Week’s time re- folve into a Liquawen near eight times its original Weight : Which Liquamen is the fame in all refpeds as that which comes from the fublimed Flowers by Deflagration, and may be vitrified likewife. In fcraping the Phofphorus , take great Care not to do it too haftily, lead by heating it, you fet it on fire. Reflections on thefe Experiments. The Chemical Phofphorus being the principal SubjeQ; of the ’foregoing Experiments, I fhall, upon this Occafion, givefome Account of what Phofpho - rus is, and what it chiefly confids of. It is my Opi- nion, that Phofphorus doth not naturally exid ( *3 ) in Animals by itfelf; but when formed out of Urine, by the Means of Putrefaction and Fire, its principal Contexture is found to confift of a fubtile Acid con- centrated by the Salt of Urine, and of a fat depu- rated Oil. Phofphorus affords us fo many wonderful Phe- nomena, that to explain them all would take up a large Treat ife^ a perfect Phojphorologia , being what would exceed the Limits of this fhort Ac- count. The Phlogijtic Part is fo flightly connected with the other Principles, that the leafl Motion, FriCiion or Warmth, fets it on fire. The fixed Part feems to confift chiefly in the acid Salt of the Urine, which is at firft fo intimately concentrated with the Phlogifick Part, as in Defla- gration to be hurried up or fublimed along with it ; yet being by this Operation freed from if, it becomes fix’d, and can by no Degree of Heat be again fub- limed. Phofphorus may be called an urinous Sapo, or Soap, as it confifts of the faline and oleaginous Parts of the Urine: But Phofphorus is not to begot info great Plenty out of Urine alone, as when the Feces Alvine are elixirated along with it, and then brought to a Magma fit for Diftillation : Nor is there fo great a Quantity of Phofphorus in the Urine of other Animals, as of Men ; nor is it to be got from any Natural Productions, or any Parts of Animals or Vegetables in their crude State, before they have undergone Concoction in the Stomach of an Animal. How far therefore the Liquor Gafrkus, the Bile, I and ( <4 ) and Succus Pancreaticus may contribute to the For- mation of it, is a Difquifition I (hail not here enter upon, but leave it to the Enquiry of Phylicians. In regard of the Parts whereof Phofphorus con- lifts, it may be confidered as the Soot of a deflagra- ted Oil ■, and fo may every combuftible Subftance be look’d upon as a kind of Pbofpho, us, as confifting of inflamable Materials. Phofphorus is more immediately compounded of a Salt tending to the Nature of Sal Ammoniac, . of an urinous Salt, of an Acid, and an oily Phlogifton with a fubtile Earth ■, by the Means of thefe Salts exifting in the Urine, the Faeces Alvina are the bet- ter elixirated, and thofe Particles extracted which contribute to the forming the Pbofpho us. Con- cerning the Fixity of the urinous Salt, I have faid, enough already, fo (hall not repeat it here. With, thefe Salts are very intimately combined in the Phof phons oleaginous or fat Particles, which are. the proper Materials of that fubtile Phlogifton , the true Domuncula Ignis , and indeed the main Conftituents of the whole Compound. As for the Preparation of this wonderful Pro- duction, it is done by diftilling the Saponaceus Magma in a clofe Veifel, with a reverberatory Fire, much ftronger than that ufed for the Diftillation of Aqua fortis, or the other Mineral acid Spirits ; the reft of the proper Encheirefs belongs only to the Operator to manage fecundum Artem. When this Operation fucceeds rightly, there comes forth, Firft, a thick, unftuous Oil, Secondly, a more tub- tile ( *5 ) tile Oil, refembling the Oleum Philofophorum, which is Olive Oil diftilled from Brick-duft. Thirdly, The fix'd Acid enclofed in a very fubtile Acid. Near the End of the Diftillation comes over that depurated Oil which conftitutes the inflamable Part of the Phofphorus , which is not raifed up 'till the laft, and that by the Continuance of a very ftrong Reverbera- tory Fire. But an Operator that is not well exercifed in the De- grees of Fire, and doth not know how and when to take away thefe Oils apart, will have nothing but a volatile Salt, and fetid Oil, and get at laft only a little un&uous opaque Phojphorus\ fuch as the fa- mous Kunckel , Dr. Craf t , and Brand did, as they acknowledge in their YVritings j but not our hard tranfparent Glacial Phofphorus. Since Kunckel there- fore, and his Followers, were never able to make the true folid Glacial Phofphorus , it was abfurd for him to write, that he could make it even out of crude indigefted Things, in their natural State ; for either this famous Man fpoke too much at large, and had never tried the Experiments, or elfe lie muft defign to impofe upon the World : For I can boldly contradiQ: him in this Point from the feveral Experiments I have made, but never found any true I Phofphorus except in fuch things as had undergone Digeftion in Animals. And I know my felf to have been for thefe forty or fifty Years, that is, ever fince I left the Laboratory of fmy Malter the Honourable Mr. Boyle , the only Perfon in Europe able to make and produce in any Quantity the true folid phofphorus. I i I did ( 66 ) I did not content my felf to work upon the Uri- tious Sapo of Man only, but examined likewife the Excrements of other Animals as for Example, of Horfes, Cows, Sheep, &c. and got ‘Phofphorus, but not in fo great Quantities as from Man ; probably becaufe they feed on nothing but Vegetables. I then examin’d the Dens of Lions, Tygers, and Bears, ma- king Experiments on their Excrements, and likewife on thofe of Cats and Dogs, which being carnivorous Animals, I obtain’d more Phofpborus thence than from the other Creatures : My Curiofity led me like- wife to the Rats-Nefts, and Moufe-Holes, and I had Phofpborus thence. I then addrefs’d my felf to the feather’d Tribe, vifiring the Hen-Roofts, and Pidgeon- Houfes, and got fome fmall Matters thence alfo : I emptied the Guts of Filh in order to get their Ex- crements, and had a little Phofpborus from thefe, but none from the Fifhes by themfelves. I' was next induc’d by Kunckel' s Alfertion to try what I could obtain out of crude Vegetables, viz. Corn and other Fruit : I thought that Putrefaftion would bring them the nigheft to an Ammoniac and urinous State, becaufe of the Heat that is produced in them by it; but my Labour was all in vain. After thefe Experiments, I took in Hand Foffils and Minerals : I began with the common Foffil Coal, thinking that the Phlogijton in this Bituminous Sub- ftance might have been to my Purpofe ; but I found nothing therein like Phofpborus , there coming over only a Bituminous Oil, and at laft by encreafing the lire to the higheft Degree, there fublimed fome white Talfikly Flowers, which were neither Sulphureous, ( *7 ) nor Acid, nor Alcalick, but infipid like Talck j fo I gave up all further Experiments upon other Minerals. I have often wifhed for a fufficient Quantity of the Flies which fliine in the Dark, whereof there are great Numbers in Italy , efpeciaiiy in fufcany ; or of our common Glow-worms, which fee m to have Phofphorus lodged in their Bodies. Our Phofphorus is a Subject that occupies much the Thoughts and Fancies of fome Afch'ytrtifts, who work on Microcofmical Subftances ; and out of it they promifethemfelves Golden Mountains. Of this Num- ber was the famous Dr. Dickinfon , Phyfician to King Charles II : He toiled and laboured many Years in Ex- periments upon the Stercus humanum ; and hath feveral times with the greateffc Pleafure fhew’d me Metallic Regains’ s, he had extracted from it. This is what I have often done my felf, and no Wonder ! for we take in daily with our Food, and fometimes in Me- dicines, both Mineral and Metallick Subftances, be- fides whatMetallick VeiTels, Kettles, Pots and Dilhes furnith: We fee a Solution of the Metal upon a Knife after cutting any acid Fruit, by the black Spots it hath upon it, and the metallick Tafte it communi- cates to the thing it cuts. . Dr. Lifer hath (hewn, that Stones out of the Hu- man Bladder being calcined. Iron may be extra&ed from them by a Loadftone. And the Great Boer- haave hath made it evident, by various Experiments,, that there- is fcarce any terreftrial Subftance, either in Men, Brutes or Plants, which after Uftion doth riot exhibit fome metallick Particles. Dr. Becher faith, that out of Brick-Earth mix’d with any Fat or Oil, and calcined in the Fire, he hath produced Iron % : < *8 ) Iron : For it is only the Iron that caufes the Red* tiefs of the Bricks, and can be extrafted from them again. Moreover, Metals are dilfolved by the Salts and Moifture in the Earth, and fo mix with the nu- tritious Juices of Vegetables j hence it may, infome refped, be faid, that we eat Metals with the greateft Part of our Food. Having given the ’foregoing fhort Account of the Produdion of Phofphorus , I (hall here fubjoin, that there is produced out of the Refiduum, after the Phofphorus is made, a particular Salt, which [ name Salphofphori, or Salt of Phofphorus. This Salt is fix’d in fome Degrees of Fire, yet it may be fublimed in a clofe Veffel, which other fix’d Salts can- not be, except they (till contain fomewhat Volatile in them j but this Salt hath no fuch thing in it, neither is it any ways Alcalick. How to produce this Salt, remains as much a Se- cret as the Phofphorus itfelfj for he that cannot produce this Salt will never be able to make Phof- phorus. There is fcarce any Body, out of which a Che- mical Operator cannot produce Water and Earth, Salts, or an acid Spirit, and an urinous Unduofity, in more or lefs Quantity, according to the Nature of the Body ; and where there is one of thefe, there is Fire to be demonftrated, but not without each other’s Help. The Encbeirefs of this would be too long for this Place, Ifhall therefore omit it here. From our Preparation of Phofphorus , we may refled upon the Fuligo , or Soot of all combuftible Subftances ; for it is the Phlogifon only that burns and produces Flame j it dwells in fulphureous Bo- dies, ( 6 tarius, j 24 32 00 /Long. 11 ij 0 S. Lat. Betides thefe Dr. Halley, in Phil. tfranf. N® 347, hath mentioned one in Orion's Sword j another in Sagittary •, a third in the Centaur (never feen in England) a fourth preceding the right Foot of An- tinous ; a fifth in Hercules ; and that in Andro- meda's Girdle. Five of thefe fix I have carefully viewed with my excellent eight Foot Reflecting Telefcope, and find them to be Phaenomena much alike j all except that preceding the right Foot of Antinous, which is not a Nebulofe, but a Clvjler of Stars, fomewhat like that which is in the j Milky-Way. Between ( 7$ ) Between the other four, I find no material Differ- ence, only fome are rounder, fome of a more oval Form, without any Fix’d Stars in them to caufe their Light ; only that in Orion , hath fome Stars in it, vifible only with the Telefcope, but by no Means fufficient to caufe the Light of the Nebulofe there. But by thefe Stars it was, that I firft per- ceived the Diftance of the Nebulofe to be greater than that of the Fix’d Stars, and put me upon en- quiring into the reft of them. Every one of which I could very vifibly, and plainly difcern, to be at immenfe Diftances beyond the Fix'd Stars near them, whether vifible to the naked Eye, or Telefcopick only i yea, they feemed to be as far beyond the Fix’d Stars, as any of thofe Stars are from the Earth. And now from this Relation of what I have ob« ferved from very good, and frequent Views of the Nebulofe, I conclude them certainly not to be Lucid Bodies , that fend their Light to us, as the Sun and Moon. Neither are they the combined Light of Clufters of Stars, like that of the Milky-Way : But I take them to be vaf Area, or Regions of Light, infallibly beyond the Fix’d Stars, and devoid of them. I fay Regions, meaning Spaces of a vaft Extent, large enough to appear of fuch a Size as they do to us, at fo great a Diftance as they are from us. And fince thofe Spaces are devoid of Stars, and even that in Orion itfelf, hath its Stars bearing a very fm$ 11 Proportion to its Nebulofe, and they are vifibly not the Caufe of it, I leave it to the great Sagacity and Pe- netration of this Illuftrious Society, to judge whe- K * thee ( 74 ) 'ther thefe Nebulofa are particular Spaces of. Light;-, or rather, whether they may not, in all Probability,, be Chafms, or Openings into an immenfe Region of Light, beyond the Fix’d Stars. Becaufe I find in this Opinion molt of the Learned in all Ages (both Phi. lcsfophers, and I may add Divines too) thus far con- curred, that there was a Region beyond the Stars.. Thofethat imagined there were Cryjt alline, or Solid Or bs, thought a Coelum Empyrteum was beyond them and the Primum Mobile: and they, that maintained there were no fuch Orbs, but that the Heavenly Bodies floated in the AEther, imagined that the Starry Region was not the Bounds of the Univerfe, but that there was a Region beyond that, which they called the Third Region , and Third Heaven. To conclude thefe Remarks, it may be of ufe to take Notice, that in Hevelitis' s Nebuloff, fome feem to be more large, and remarkable than others ; but whether they are really fo, or no, I confefs 1 have not had an Opportunity to fee, except that in Hndro- meda’s Girdle, which is as confiderable as any I have feen. In his Maps of the Conftellations, the molt remarkable are the three near the Eye of Capricorn j that in Hercules’s Foot ; that in the third Joint of Scorpio’s Tail ; and that between Scorpio’s Tail and the Bow of Sagittary . But if any one is defirous to have a good View of thefe, or any other of the 'Njebuhfa , it is abfolutely neceflary that he fhould make ufe of very good Glafles, elfe all his Labour will be in vain, as I have found by Experience, and before-noted. . . C 75 ) W. An Account of form Magnedcal Obfer- various made in the Months of May, June and July, 173 2, in the Atlantick or of a Water-Spout, by Mr. Jofeph Harris. Communicated by Mr. George Graham, THE Knowledge of the Magnetic al Variation is of fuch Confequence to the Mariner, that without it he cannot know hisCourfe ; and were the Theory thereof once eftabliftied, it might be of great ufe for eftimating the Longitude in feveral Parts of the World, as has been often and very juftly obferv- ed by others. But ’till this be determin’d, we mud: rely upon Obfervations. I fometime fince took notice of the Imperfeffions of the common Azimuth Compafs, and how ill adapted that Indrument is for the Purpofe intended, I alfo gave the Defcription of a new Inftrument, whereby I propofed to remedy the principal ObjeQa- ons to the former ; and farther Experience has fuffici- ently. confirmed me in what I have faid. But I fhould be glad to have it determined by thofe who have con- venient Opportunities of making Experiments of this kind, ,what would be the propereft Diameter and Weight for a Needle and Card, and what ought to be their proportional Weights to each other when taken feparately : Regard being had tjjat the Fri&ioe F. S. bt ( 76 ) be no more than what is neceftary to prevent the Card from being too much affe&ed by the Motion of the Ship. Some Obfervations incline me to think, that a Sea-Card Ihould not exceed fix Inches Diame- ter, and that mod of thofe generally ufed, are too heavy for nice Experiments, tho’ they may be well enough adapted for common Purpofes. In the Months of March and slpril, 173 z, the Variation at Black’ River in Jamaica , was very ac- curately obferved to be from 6° to 6 0 oj' Eafterly. Off the Havanna about 4 i Deg. Eafterly. The reft of the Obfervations I made, are exprelfed in the following Table. Latitude. N. Lo-ngit. from Lon- don, W. Variat. Latitude. Longit. from Lon- don, W. Variat. Deg.Min. Deg.Min. Deg. Deg.Min Deg.Min. Deg. 27 00 28 45 31 00 32 15 80 OO 80 OO 77 45 72 30 1 4 E. 3 2 T A 1 4 OO 35 55 38 06 39 10 39 40 65 3° 60 30 57 3° 56 30 5w. 6 3 8d 8i 32 40 32 45 32 52 '34 30 *72 00 71 30 70 40 67 25 I w. ii * 2 * 4-f 43 OO 43 05 44 40 47 20 45 00 44 35 35 15 20 20 9 * 94 11 r II The Inftrumentl ufed was foeafily managed, that unlefs the Sea was pretty rough, an Obfervation might he depended upon to about a quarter ot a Degree, had the Card performed to the fame Exa&nefs. But by comparing federal Obfervations made under the ( 77 ) like Circumftances, as to the Weather, it feems tome as if the Virtue of the Needle was not always of equal Strength. Sometimes feveral Obfervations would agree exceedingly well ; at other times the Card would Hand indifferently any where within a Degree or more of its Meridian ; and this I obferv'd in feveral Cards. I found another Circutnftance which furprized me much : The Card would fome- times differ about two Degrees from it felf betwixt the Morning and Evening of the fame Day •, and this- Difference would continue as it were regularly for feveral Days, then vanifh for a Week or more, and afterwards would return and continue as before. The greatnefs of this Difference, and the near Agree- ment betwixt the Obfervations made in the fameFore- noon, or Afternoon, amongft themfelves, will not give me room to fufped that it proceeded altogether from an Error in obferving. I own I cannot account for it, but whatever be the Caufe thereof, the Error was always the fame way ; that is, the Wefterly Variati- on in the Morning would be lefs than in the After- noon. I carefully examined if this could be any ways owing to the Inftrumenf, or to any Iron near the Place where it was ufually fet for Obfervation j. but I was fully convinced it could proceed from nei- ther. I know not whether any fuch Obfervations as thefe have been made before j but I think it would not be unufeful, if thofe who have proper Inftru- ments, and are fufficiently skilled, would communi- cate any thing of this kind that may occur. It now appears that the Numbers in the 'foregoing Table cannot be ftriOJy accurate ; but I think the Error can fcarceany where exceed half-a Degree ; f°r ( 7» ) in mod Cafes feveral Obfervations were made pretty- near together, of which I took a Medium, making Allowances according to the Circumftances attending each: And perhaps they are as exaftas can be well expefted from Sea-Journals. And there can be no fenfible Error as to Longitudes, our Reckoning, when we made the Land, happening to fall out to a more than ufual Exafdnef?. I (hall take another Opportu- nity to communicate fome Magnetical Obfervations made with great Care at Jamaica. To this I (hall add the Defcrhtion of a IVater- Spout, which we faw about Sun-fer, May lift, 1731, in the Latitude 31° 30'N. and Longitude 9 0 Eafteriy from the Meridian of Cape Florida. Vide Tab. Fig. z. When firft we faw the Spout, it was whole and entire, and much of the Shape and Proportion of a Speaking-Trumpet (as expreffed by the Figure an- nexed) the fmall End being downwards, and reach- ing to the Sea, and the big End terminated in a black thick Cloud. The Spout itfelf was alfo very black, and the more fo the higher up. It feemed to be exa£Uy Perpendicular to the Horizon, and its Sides perfectly Smooth, without the leaft Ruggednefs. Where it fell the Spray of the Sea rofe to a confiderable Height, which made fomewhat of the Appearance of a great Smoak. From the firft time we faw it, it continued whole about a Minute, and 'till it was quite diffipated about three Minutes. It began to wafte from below, and fo gradually up, whilft the upper Part remained en- tire, without any vifible Alteration, 'till at laft it ended in the black Cloud above. Upon which there feemed ( 79 ) feemed to fall a very heavy Rain in that Neighbour- hood. As it wafted, the Bottom of the remaining Part was irregular, fomewhat like the Trunk of a Tree broke afunder: There was but little Wind, and the Sky elfe where was pretty ferene. We judged the Spout to be above two Leagues off, and I think the Angle under which the fmall End appeared, muft be at leaft 20 Min, According to which Eftimation, the ‘ Thicknefs of it muft be upwards of 60 Yards, and its Height or Length about three quarters of a Mile. V. HISTORIA TERRiEMOTUS Apuli- am totum fere Neapolitanum (Regnum, Anno 17; r, Vexantis. A Nicolao Cyrillo, in (Regia Univerfitate Neapolitans, Tr. Med. (prof. ceflerit : quod <5e in Plinio legimus lib. 2. 8o, notante, quod Terramotus quandoque terribiles foni, mugitus, clamoreshumano fimiles praiverint. Hie Aeris fragor contraria determinatione diffundebatur : ut quemad- raodtim Terras partes quatiebantur, motu a centro, ut didum eft undiqueadcircumftanth loca communicator ficcontraAeris motus a circumferentia veluti ad centrum non obfeura vi concurrebat. Quod quidem pheno- menon haud levem philofophandi materiam Natura ferutatoribus prasbuerit : id tamen e re med non efte exiftimo. Notaverim tantum hoc aliud effe ab eo quod Ariftotelesputabatin Meteoris, ad Terramotum nempe in fubfidium advocari debere Ventum exterio- rem : ut eo autore Achaias ora commota fit Aquilone Sc Auftroconfligentibus. Ni dicere fortafie velis, ut quidam fufpicati funt, leves faltern <$t ofcillantes Ter- ramotu?,. qui poft fortes Orientales Vcntos fadi funt a retardato Terra motu diurno, faltern in eo traGu quo Ventus flaverir, oriri potuiiTe. Sed haec obi- ter. Poftremo St illud^de noftro Terramotu notatu dig- num eft, quod proper ufticum Cartufianorum pradium, J*re Sanii appellatum (cujus domusa primo Menfis Martij Terramotu folo asquata fuit) eo loco quo magis deprimitur Torrentis Fontana del Pefce nun- cupati alveus, nova erupit copiofte, turbidas ac calidao Aqu x fcaturigo. Hoc fane haud novum, nec Anti- ( 8$ > quis igaotum : fiquidem ex illorum monumentis eruimus, Aquas erumpere dehifcente corpore Terras, eo modo, quo Aqua in navim per fiffuras ingredirur : imo per hiatus hos non tenues tantum Fontes5fedDI- luvia effufa, Urbefque fabmerfas referunt. Quod iis verofimilius videri poterit,. qui cum Thalete, re- ferente Seneca, putaverint, Terram Aquis fuftenta- tam navigii inftar interdum fludhiare. Sed hxc iis, qui redt'am veramqueTerraqueiGlobi ftrudhiram cab lent, abfurda videbuntur. Aqua, quae in defcripto Apuliae loco eruperat,. fenfim exiccari coepit, ac menfisfpatio omnino eva- nuit : ficcum verb fabulutn, etiam ad aliquod tempus, fulphuris odorem confervavit. Sic Plinius i. 31. 4. ait: Terrx. quoque motus profundunt forbentque Aquas. Quare haud mirabimur lacus, fontes> au£ fluvios, ubi prius non fuifTent, enatos narrari,ubi pri- us fuiflenr, exaruifTe. Puteos quoque minus profundos Aquam ex pa- rulo ore, primi Ternsmotus tempore, evomuiffe* conftantiffinqa fama eft* Minime tamen credendum, ex maxima Terrx fucculTatione Aquam exiliiffe (hoc enim haud acciderepotuiffet abfque Neapolitan! faltem Regni fabverfione, integraque ruina) fed forte ex eo quod nova Aqua in Puteorum illorum fundo, quemadinodum in aliis Iocis, exurgens; ad eorundem caviratem complects, extotfum exturbata fuerit. Aqua denique, quae, ut prius narratum, prope Tre Santi eruperat, ad examen revocata hxc pheno- mena pras fe tulit. I. Ea fub eadem mole cum Aqua pluvia compa- rata, atque ad Aroeomctrum exacta, hujus pondus fa- perabat, ( »4 ) cperabat, ei proportione, ut hxc librae pondus xqua- ret, ilia libram eum granis 8i penderet : Aquara verb fontanam, quae illic fubfalfa eft, eadem quan> titate granis tantum 15 fupera ret. II. Ejufdem Aqua: libra ad ficcitatem deftillata femidrachmam corporis ad Croci Martis naturam ver- gentis, fcrupulouno albx & infipidx Terra: alperfi, in vafis fundo reliquit. Ex hoc Pulvere prius exic- catoMagnes admotus particulas quafdam rubefcentes elicuit. In deftillationis opere Sulphuris odor adftan- tium nares fatis aperte feriebat. Hinc poft celeber- rima Cl. Lemery experimenta, nova argumentorum acceftio, fubterraneos Ignes, atque Vulcanos,ex Sul- phuris ac Ferri permiftio'ne facile accendi pofle : atque adeo Terrxmotus ex abfconditorum Ignium fuccef- fiva fuccenfione excitari. III. Demum : in libras duas illius Aqux drachmae tres Gallarum (quas di Levante appellamus, qui- bulque utimur ad Atramenti confedtionem) in tenu- iffimum pulverem reda&arum infufe poft quartam ho- ram, Aquam levi coeruleo colore inficere coepe- runt, fequente poftmodum Pulveris prxcipitatione. Hxc eft accurata & verior noftri Terrxmotus Hiftoria, reledHs iis, quxinmagnis hifce calamitati- bus per vulgi ora prx timore fere inlani increbre- fcentia, hyperbolen, nr dicam fabulam, fapere con- fueverc. m, ob- ( *r- > VI. ObferMatio Ecclipjeos Lunaris Romae habita Die t Decembris, 1732, in Jidibus Emi- minentijf. de VIA , a D. Didaco Revillas Jbbate Hieronymiano, Jbbate Joanne Boc- rario, isr. Euftachio Manfredio. Observ ati on e s Habitue Telefcopio ‘Palmorum 10. poft meridiem. Temp.Ver H. 1 " 8 45 49 *4 51 19 44 52 47 54 53 48 j 6 i 57 2-3 9 2 43 4 53 5 o 6 13 53 7 8 8 2 29 10 27 Penumbra jam fenfibilis. Penumbra denfior. Initium Eclipfe&iS. Grimaldus mergi incipit. Totus la tec. Galilaeus Umbra ad GaflTendum. Totus latet Gaflendus. Schikardus. Keplerus. Ariftarchus totus latet. Lansbergius, & Mare Humorum fere totum latet. Bullialdus. Capuanus. Umbra ad Mare . nubium. Copernicus mergi incipit. Per medium Copernici. Umbra ad Eraftothenem ; &C Coperni- cus totus latet. 14; 1 1 p 4? Iafula finus medii. 17 37 Heraclides. 1 6 22 Tycho jam latet. ,14 ii Tycho mergi incipit. J iB 12 Tymocharis. 20 4 Archimedes. 21 4 Harpalus. 23 10 Manilius. 1 6 Helicon. 40 Plato. 2 6 21 Menelaus. 28 77 Catharina, & Cyrillus. 30 11 Plinius. 76 Dionyfius. 32 31 Ariftoteles. 33 11 Promontorium Acutum. 34 27 Fernelius. ) 1' ; 37 71 Snellius. 36 11 Poflidonius. 41 Petavius. 37 45 Promontorium fomniji 38 27 Langrenus. 40 24 Hermes. 41 o Proclus. 30 Incipit Mare Crifium. 42 32 Cleomedes. 47 io Umbra per medium Maris Crifium. 4 6 20 Meflala. 48 24 Totalis immerfio. © 77 7 totalis miner fionis dur at io. K ' <’ n 31 13 Procul dubio- emerfiojam caepefar. 33 13 Grimaldus emerferat. 46 3 Medium Coperniei, ' 5 1 l7 Tycho. 52 Plato. 51 13 Archimedes. 56 36 Infiila finus medij. 59 57 Eudoxus. *2 2 10 Manilius. 3 26 Ariftoteles. 4 ay Menelaus. 8 1 r Poffidonius. 13 <5 Plinius. 17 14 Promontorium Acutum. 7,0 38 Langrenus. 2 3 2,1 Totum Mare Crifium. 26 55 Finis. Duratio totius Eclipfeus H.$ 35' 3 6". Phases NonndlljE Immersionis. Ex alta Obfervatione habit a Telefiopio Newtoniano. Temp. Ver. P. M. H. • u 8 50 13 Penumbra denfa. 51 2.8 Initium certum obfcurationis. 5 4 8 Grimaldus latet totus, 32 Umbra per medium Galilxum. 9 o $8 Totus Keplerus latet. 2 18 Umbra ad Ariftarchum. 3 37 Totus Ariftarchus latet, M § 3 ( 88 ) H. ' (i 9 8 3 Umbra ad initium Copernici. 9 20 Per medium Copernici. 10 32 Totus Copernicus tegitur. 14 47 Umbra ad initium Tychonis. 23 11 Ad initium Manilij. 24 Ad initium Platonis. 55 Umbra per mediumPlatonis, & Manilij . 24 40 Totus Plato tegitur. 39 35 Umbra ad initium Procli. 40 18 Umbra ad Hermetem. 41 0 Totus Proclus tegitur. 3i Ad initium Maris Crifium. 44 20 Per medium Maris Crifium. 46 15 Totum Mare Crifium obumbratur. 49 3 Totalis Luna: immerfio in Umbra. VII. Jn Eclipfe of the Moon obferVed in Fleet- ftreet, London, Nov. 20,1732, at Nighty ly Mr. Geo. Graham, F. (2^. S'. h. ' " The Beginning at 8 1 30 apparent Time. Immerfion 8 59 30 Emerfion 10 38 00 End n 37 oq Obferved with a fmall Telefcape about 18 Inches long, which magnifies about 13 times. N. B. Mr. Hodgfon at Chri/Ps-Hofpital, with a 4 Foot Telefcope, obferved the Beginning at 8 H. 1’ i, and the End 11 H. 36' f. , “ VIII. The ( 8?) Vin. The Bills of Mortality for the Town of Drei« den, for a whole Century , viz. from the Tear \6\j to 1717, containing the $1 timbers of Marriages t Births, Burials , and Communicants t Communicated hy Sir Conrad Sprengell, M, T>. F. «S. The Year Couples married. Chrift- ned. Buried. Commu- nicants. Who receiv’d HolyOrders. l6l7 126 478 639 21507 among whom C ^ y 1618 175 4 66 400 22567. 3 1 l6l9 148 53° 332 23221 34 , 1620 n 9 546 472 22850 36 1(521 146 546 49 1 23988 18 1622 i44 52 1 381 24032 16 1623 127 541 42 I 25864 20 1624 146 576 411 25899 1 5 1625 141 543 48 r 26319 21 1626 151 1 580 407 befides 333 who died of the Plague. 2920I 27 1627 162 548 412 26677 2Q 1628 124 543 469 27085 1 7 1629 136 599 39s 28525 18 1630 1 15 599 480 28446 28 1631 163 599 844 3o24l 23 1632 161 ? i 5i5 3129 during the T roubles of the War and Plague. 32416 46 1633 412 ! 425 4585 the Trou- bles of War and the Plague dill continuing. 27688 57. 1634 346 [ 53i 721 M 2 23165 - 47 The ( ) The Year Couples married. Chrifl- ned. Buried. Commu- nicants. j Who receiv’d | HolyOrders. 1635 205 523 597 24942 among whom r 24 1636 *53' 53i 594 23904 j 26 1637 156 6x3 1897 the Plague breaking out a- gain. 28888 19 • 1638 205 550 53i 26744 43 1639 122 6 02 1845 28702 24 I64O 192 45 1 935 26032 30 I641 144 509 525 25662 22 I642 1 55 5i4 601 27247 20 1643 *37 623 1041 28720 30 1644 128 .561 489 27677 28 1645 118 497 532 27602 22 I646 134 512 481 27996 9 1647 148 655 47 1 36619 21 In which Year they began to deliver in the Number of Communicants at Old Drefden. 3648 190 7H 606 37097 23 1649 *79 66 4 597 39r98 21 1650 197 752 494 395 88 26 1651 199 7*3 5ii 39773 r9 1652 206 732 450 40389 24 1653 i93 673 535 40924 20 1654 194 691 558 4178^ 28 1655 180 7Z5 5Z5 40253 26 3656 212 708 560 43086 15 1657 163 610 .663 447 83 30 1658 186 707 518 43”' 7" 16 1659 *93 7°3 599 43*97 ■ 29 1660 219 738 5 42 45m 23 2661 196 709 649 45137 28 1662 1 80 733 637 453 1 3 27 1663 193 64O 620 45640 31 1664 176 682 662 46115 42 1665 228 l 734 699 46667 33 The The Year 1 666 166 7 1 668 1 669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1 685 1686 1687 *688 C pi ) Chriftned. Buried Commu- nicants. j Who receiv'd j Holy Orders. 699 824 47194 among whom} 32 754 823 47325 20 739 7°3 48403 *7 833 794 48765 27 802 776 5 0121 22 844 743 51500 26 856 909 51650 S2 891 9°9 52483 26“ 887 846 52636 19 920 947 53179 25 895 1284 51164 28 988 887 53079 3r 1028 1020 53510 22 1063 975 . 55296 30 883 1 311 befides 5103 who died of the Plague 56116 1 8 79 1 753 45244 18 1137, among whom two Blackmoors Children. 1023 515 1 2 2 T: 1201 1200 52493 29, 1039 ii54 48855 21 984 937 50931 32 1020 1199 53754 ' 31 1078 *among whom a ' Turkijh Woman. 927 49040 35 1 062 , among whom 1 Turkijh Woman, 3 tfurkijh Girls, and 1 TurkiJhM.m .! IOII 54868 2 3 Tile ( 9* ) ,t> • , Commu- Who receiv’d The Year Couples married. Chriflned. Buried Commu- nicants. Who receiv’d HolyOrders. 1 689 244 1022 1163 55284 among whom I 21 1 690 37° 1002, among whom i- 'Turk. 1200 571 3° J z6 1691 306 1 1 1 9,amor The Year Couples married. Chriftned. Buried Commu- nicants. j Who receiv’d | HolyOrders. 1706 3*3 1 104 1098 63894 among whom? 1707 296 1034 1523 63120 24 1708 35 0 1256 n 19 66519 30 1709 348 1 1 4 1, among whom a and his Wife. 1340 67021 41 1710 337 1 1 4 1 , among them 2 -Jews, who apo- ftatiz’d afterwards. 1214 69197 24‘ 17 1 1 1 181 1222 70123 29 1712 354 1227 1 140 72432 22 17 *3 353' 1 1 1 2 ,among whom 1 one 'Turkijh Man, and one Jew. *383 71600 23 I7H 1 3 1 2 , among whom i Jew. 1250 75547 33 I7I5 .49, among whom a. Jew. 1353 7gi55 23 '1716 ;6i 1 3 39, among whom one Black Man, one Jew , and one JewiJh Girl. 1274 77146 27 3 7 1 7 1 7 1 443 , among whom a Jew. 1908 78OI9 19 Sum Total from 1617 to 1717 inclufive, Marr: \ 24294 Couples, Chriftned 83412, Buried 98611, Communicants 4654064, among whom 1686. who received Holy Orders. IX, The, ( 94 ) IX. The (Bills of Mortality for the Imperial City of Augsburg, from the Year 1501 to 1720 inclufive , containing the TSLumber of Births , Marriages and Burials. Communicated by the fame. 7 ' ■ N. B. The Tears marked ►f<) denote the Time of Blague , or Contagious Tdijlemfers. Died. The Year Born Couples married. Diec The Year Born. Couples | married. 1501 1764 643 1982 1523 1822 382 1502 1984 440 *543 ^524 1824 392 ; ■ 1503 1764 5 42 1646 1525 1827 435 * 1504 3048 985 47% 1526 1829 . 436 !5°5 2464. 6 48 3564 1527 ^33 43s 1506 *974 764 J950 1528 1763 439 1507 1876 665 *754 1529 x 7 83 44 * * * * * The Year Born. Couples married. Died The Year Born .Couples ‘(married. jDied 1545 1483 440 1065 *579 1629 388 1520 15+6 1603 37° 1356 1580 l635 416 1522 1547 1646 630 3480 1581 r477 456 II85 1548 1705 49 2 1227 1582 l627 414 I536 1549 2038 819 1757 1583 1497 452 1245 1550 1205 41 1 I49° 1584 l6l4 3il 1167 i55i 1867 360 x455 1585 1568 435 2497 155 2 1567 4i7 r477 * 1586 1583 526 3136 1553 1677 498 1665 1587 1541 578 1545 1554 1270 445 1464 1588 420 1 468 1555 Mv7 526 J34° 1 589 1664 426 1372 1556 1587 447 I239 1 59° l592 405 1678 1557 1520 417 I3IO i59x 1520 410 I352 1558 1(570 488 H85 * x592 1632 3% 3450 1559 1763 467 *555 *593 1581 649 i554 1560 1297 6lJ I99° 1594 1629 396 1560 1561 1150 488 1310 r595 1517 335 1584 1562 1717 454 *744 1596 1639 437 1505 x563 1869 460 2680 1597 1608 393 1594 i564 1872 536 2542 1598 155 2 380 ,1631 i565 1779 538 1488 x599 i486 386 i447 1566 l86l 418 1518 1600 1621 499 1 775 i567 I723 424 1718 1601 I575 387 1570 1568 1757 440 x7o3 1602 14 68 453 1 567 1569 I838 446 1396 1603 *57° 390 1488 i57o I884 334 1640 1604 !55! 394 1298 i57i 1521 318 3071 1605 1272 394 1361 x572 1634 650 33o6 1606 x587 376 1371 1573 1629 549 *37x * 1607 I577 361 2595 1574 1488 382 1520 1608 1526 57 8 1476 1575 1563 384 1595 1609 1648 477 1469 i576 1647 442 I245 1610 1618 435 i94r 1577 1721 386 1427 1611 1 557 466 1891 1578 I. F. R S. VII. NonnulU Jo vis Satellitum Eclipfes Bononiae, Ob - ferVata d^Euftachio Manfred i. VIII. A X The C O N T E N T S. VIII. A Letter from Mr. Richard Lewis, at Annapolis in Maryland, to Mr. Collinfon, F. P- S. containing the Account of a remarkable Generation of Infedts $ of an Earthquake 5 and of an Explofion in the Air. IX. A Letter from Mr. Evan Davis to Mr. John Eames, F. p. S', concerning fame Children inocula- ted with the Small-Pox, at Haverford-Weft in Pembrokefliire„ X. ObferVatmu of the Variations of the Needle and Wea- ther,, made in a Voyage to Hudfon’s-Bay, in the Tear 17 1 \ , by Capt. Chriftopher Middleton, communicates to the Royal Society by Mr. Renj., Robins, F. % S . with a Letter to Mr. Robins. XI. ObferVatb Echpfis Solis totalis cum mora fafla Go- thoburgi Sveciae, fubeleV. Poli 57* 40' 54,", d. 2Maij, jlylojul. Ami t'73 3, a/Dom. Birgero Vaflenio, Leflo- re imtbenn in Gymnafio Pegio Gothoburg. XII. Propofals for the Improvement of the Hift. of Ruflia, by publifhing , from time to time,feparate (Pieces to ferVe for a Colleflion of all forts of Memoirs relating to the Tranfaflions and State of that Nation : < and F. p. S. (99 > I. An Account of Symptoms arifmg from eating the Seeds of Henbane, with their Cure, Or, and fome occajional (Remark*, by Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. . p. m. and then the Barometer was at 30.66 Wind N E1. and Fair. From Novemb. 24 to the End of the Month, the Weather was Cloud}', with Snow, and a deep Snow on the laid Day, and Fair on tne 28th. The Winds were Eafterly and N E. of 2 and 3 Degrees Strength, ’till the 29th and 30th, and then S E*. S4. andS W3. In Decemb. it was Cloudy, with forne Snow, ’till Dec. 8, and 9, which were fair Days. Then Cloudy on the 10th and 1 ith, and Rain in the Evening. Af- terwards fome cloudy and moift Air ; fome Fair, ’till Dec. 23, and then Hail} Wind S Ws. The next Day Snow ; and the reft: of the Month fome Cloudy and Dark, with Snow, and fome Fair. The Barome- ter, ever fince the 1 8th, hath been above 30 Inches, and on Dec. 26, it was 30.84} on Dec. 30, 30.96, and 31.00 ; and laftly on Dec. 31, it was 31.12, In Jan. 1727, on the 3d Day, the Barometer was at 30.65, on the 4th before Noon 31.32, after Noon 31.36, but on the 5th it was in the After- noon 31.59, the Wind SW‘. and cloudy Weather, which is the higheft Range of the Quick-filver in all , the Obfervations, and if I miftake not, the higheft I ever met with any where, and at any time. On the other Hand, the loweft Range was on February 25, at 28.28 ; Wind W4. and Snow. The Baro- meter was above 30 Inches all the Beginning of Jan. ’till the i8th,and then it gradually fell to 28.36. The Winds, ( l03 ) Winds, for the moft part, were in fome Wefterly Point ’till Jan. ii, and then S E\ with Fair, and an hard Froft for a Week j the Weather, before the nth, be- ing Cloudy and Moift, with fome Snow now and then, and a little Rain on Jan. i. All the reft of Jan. was, for the moft part, Cloudy with Snow, and but little Fair, and that attended with Froft. In Feb. the Barometer continued high, until, by a gradual Defcent, it came to 28.98, on Feb. iy, and 17 ; Wind Wefterly 3. and 4. But on February 2,5", it fell to 28.28 j Wind W4, and.is abovementioned. Thegreateft Part of this Month the Weather was cloudy, and fometimes with thick Darknefs, frequent Snow, and now and then Fair, with (harp Froft. All March the Barometer was above 29 Inches, fometimes above 30. The greateft Part of the Month was Cloudy, with frequent Snow, and fome Fair, with fnarp Frofts ; the Winds were variable, and their Strength about 1 and 2 Degrees all the Month, and feldom at 3 Degrees, nor Calm at any time. All Mpril the Barometer was above 29 Inches, and under 30. In the Beginning of the Month Snow and Cloudy, with fome Fair, and (harp Frofts, ’tiller. 13, when Mr. Confett faith, the continual Winter- Frofts were thawed ; and that on the 1 yth they left off their Fires in their Stoves. After this, fome Clou- dy, fome Rain, and fome Fair j the Winds were va- riable, commonly 1 and 2 Strength, now and then 3, and not any Day o. From Mpr.. 16, he obferved the Thermometer ; which being one made by Mr. Haukesbee flood at 51, which is between cold Air, and Temperate j the freezing Point being at 65 ; it then rofe for fome Days to 4 6, and 40, 'till on the 22d it was at 36, and to- wards the End of the Monthit fell again to 47. All ( io4 ) All May the Range of the Barometer was be- tween z3 and 29 Inches; and for the moft part above 29.50. The Thermometer was on the ill Day at 52.8, and continued riling to 50 on the 7th, where it flood to about the i4th,and then arofe to 40 for the following Days, being at 40.25 on the 17th in the Morning, Wind S\ and fair, when in the Evening of the fame Day it arofe to to 30.34, Wind W*. with Rain j it foon got down again to 40 for feveral Days; but from the 27th to the End it was about 30.50. This Month had much more Fair than any of the pre- ceding Months, together with fome Cloudy with Showers, and fome heavier Rain. In 'June the Range of the Barometer was (as in the laid Month) between 28 and 29 Inches, but more frequently under 29.50 than it was in that Month. The Thermometer was all this Month between 40 and and 41, only on the ift, 2d, 3d, 8th, nth, 13th, 23d Days, it was a little above 31, but never fo high as 30, which is between warm Air, and Hot. On June 2, Rain fell with Hail. And (as I have obferved in fome of thefe Papers) that Cold in Sum - mer produces Rain , fo much Rain fell on June 5 ; after which,' fome Cloudy, with frequent Showers, and many Days fair, to June 23, on which the Ob- fervations end. Thus I have given an Abftrad of the Meteorologi- cal Ohfervations at Petersburg!?, and have taken what Care I could to note fuch Matters as may give the Society a juft Notion of the State of every Month at that Place, and that which was moft obfervable in it. I could with, that either the Society, or I my- felf could have had fome Obfervations in the more Southerly Parts, to have tallied with thefe. A P PEN- ( lOf ) APPENDIX To the foregoing Obfervations , being Meteorolo- gical Obfervations at Lunden in Sweden, in the Year 1724, which tally with Mr. Confett’s. Thefe Obfervations not coming to Hand ’till I had finiflied thofe at Petersburg h , I am forced to fub- join them by way of Appendix 3 and theiftObfervation I (hall make, fhall be of the Range of the Mecrury in the Barometer-, which feems to be different in both Places, as far as I can judge of the Matter, by the few Obfervations that tally with one another, which is only from December 18, to the End of that Month, Mr, Confetfs Barometrical Divifions before that time not being intelligible : And in all that Fortnight’s time, the Petersburgb Barometer was above 30 In- ches, and once above 3 1 j whereas that at Lunden was but a little above 29, and but once at 29.6: And indeed, through the whole Year, the Lunden Barome- ter, I obferve, was only now and then below 29 In- ches, and much feldomer above 30. But I {hall perhaps be better able to give an Account of thefe Mat- ters when I come to the Obfervations of future Years. 2. As I have taken Notice in other Places, fo I find in thefe Obfervations a great Conformity between the Winds, efpecially when ftrong for fome time, and when they have been for fome time in or near the fame Quarter. 3 . As for the Weather , no good Judgment could be made of it in the Space of five Weeks, which is all the time in which the Obfervations tally : Only I take Notice that Thunder was more frequent at Lunden than Petersburgb during that time. An An AbJlraSl of the Meteorological Obferva- tions of the whole Tear 1724, made at Lun- den in Sweden. By — Abridged for the life of the Royal Society. By Win. Derhanij F. S. Having taken Notice of the Obfervations in 1724, that tally, I proceed to the whole Year’s Obferva- tions of Lunden. I begin with the Barometrical Ranges , which will be belt feen and compared by thefe two little Tables ; the firft of which is, in part, the curious Author’s, viz. the mean Heights of the Mercury j to which I have added the higheft and loweft Ranges in each Month. And becaufe it will take up but lit- tle Room, I have added the Author’s Mean of his Thermometrical Obfervations, although, I confefs, I fcarce underftand the Divifions of his Thermometer. The Higheft and Loweft Ranges of the Barometer, and the Mean of the Barometer and Thermometer at - Lunden , in the Year 1724. Jan . Feb. Mar. Apr. May June High Mean Low 29. 8 29* 3 28. 8 29. 9 29. 2 28. 6 30. t 29. 4 28. 8 3°- £ 29. 6 ,29.1V 29. 9 29.45 29. 0 29. 9 29. 4 28. 9 Therm* 24.1 37-i 21. i 6* 13.S 45- s July Aug. Sept. 06t. Nov . Dec. High Mean Low 29. 7 29. 2i 28. 8 29. 9 29.5I 29.2 A 29. 9 2 9- 3 28. 7 3°. £ -29. 5 29. ^ 30. i 29- 5 28. 9 3°,i I 29.2 £ 28. 3 Therm. 34-s 23-s , Ii 15. i 30. i 43- i- The ( ) The Barom Dec. etrical ] Jan. heights and Feb. at Peten 1725. Mar. 'burgh , A, Ds Apr. | May 1724 June High Mean Low 31.12 30.61 30.11 3*-59 29.97 28.36 3°-36 20.22 28.28 3°-35 29.76 29.18 29.87 29-57 29.28 29.99 29.67 29-35 29.81 29.45 29.10 High Mean Low T i Le Heig hts of th Le Them nometer 36.0 45-o 54-7 30-34 40.98 52.8 30.70 40.0 40.631 By comparing .thefe two Tables together, it is manifeft: that the Mercurial Mf cents are much greater at Petersburg h than at Lunden, and that the De- fcents are nearly the fame ; fo that the Range of the Barometer at Petersburgh is 3 Inches, 3 1 hundredth parts ; but at Lunden only 1 Inch, and about 8 Tenths. And the greateft Height of the Thermo- meter at Petersburgh, was on May 17, 30.34. Of the Winds and Weather at Lunden, in 1724. In Jan. the Winds were, for the mod part, about the Wefterly and Southerly Points, and frequently very boifterous. The Weather was fome Cloudy, fomeFair, frequent Rain, but no Cold taken notice of ’till Jan . 30- In Feb. the Winds frequented the fame Points as in Jan. but they lay more between the N. and E. than then ; and they were very boifterous oftentimes. In this Month Snow was frequent, and now and then Thunder, and but little Fair Weather. In March the Winds were very variable, and fome- times ftrong. The Weather more ferene than before, P with ( »°8 ) with fometimes Snow, and towards the latter End Rain, and now and then a Froft. In April the Winds were more Northerly and Eafterly than in March , and not very ftrong. The greateft Part of the Month was Freezing, and Fair, withfome Days of Rain with Thunder. The Beginning of May to the 16th the Mornings were Frofty, with fome Rain, fome Snow, and fome Fair the reft of the Day j after the 16th fome Rain and fome Snow ; and towards the End of the Month Fairer. The Winds were variable, brisk, and about the 23d, 24th, and 25th, ftormy. In June the Winds variable, pretty brisk, and ftormy on the 10th, nth, and 12th ^ then the Wea- ther for the mod part Fair ’till the 15th ; after that Cloudy, and but little Fair, with frequent and plenti- ful Rain. July alfo was a Cloudy, Wet Month, with but lit- tle Fair, and fome Thunder, which was fometimes violent. The Winds, for the mod part, were between the W. and S. and moderate. In Augufi the Winds were more Northerly and Eafterly than in July, and fometimes between the Weft and South, and moderate in all the Points. The firft 9 or ioDays were, for the mod part, Fair j afterthat, 9 or 10 Days, more Cloudy, Rain, Lighten- ing in the Evening, loud Thunder and Rain in the Day, and fome in the Night ; and from the 20th to the Month’s End Fairer, with Cloudy, Hail, andRain. In Sept, the Winds frequented the Northerly and Wefterly Points, were Brisk, and fometimes Stormy ; the Mornings, for the mod part. Cloudy the 9 firft Days, and Fairer the reft of the Day. The greateft part of the reft of the Month was Rainy, with plenty of Snow ( »°P ) Snow on the 2ythj then Rain, which continued in the Month of October during the 9 fir ft Days 5 the reft of the Month was Cloudy, with now and then Hoar-Frofts, and fome Fair. The Winds varied often, but were the moft frequent in fome of the Southerly and Weft* erly Points, and not very high. In November the Winds were fometimes in the Wefterly and Southerly Points, but more frequent in the Northerly and Eafterly, for the moft part of a moderate Strength. The 9 firft Days the Weather was Cloudy, then Snow and Froft to the 17th ; then to the End Cloudy, Snow, Hoar-Froft, Rain, and but little Fair, and that in the Morning. In December the Winds were moderate, and often in the Southerly and S W. Points, feldom North- erly. The y firft Days were Cloudy and Wet 5 then Snow and E’roft the 6th, 7th, and 8th ; then Cloudy to the 13 th } then Hoar-Froft, and Fair on the 14th, iyth,and 16th; then Cloudy, with Thunder, Rain, Snow, and Froft, atdiverfe times, in the reft of the Month. III. An Account of the damp Air in a Goal- Pit of Sir James Lowther, 'Bart. funk_within 20 Yards of the Sea $ communicated by him to the Royal Society. SIR James Lowther having Occafion to fink a Pit very near the full Sea-Mark, for the draining one of his principal Collieries near fVhitehaven , in the County of Cumberland , which was known would P 2 be ( 110 ) be near 80 Fathom in Depth to the bed Seam of Coals, which is three Yards thick ; the Work was carried on Day and Night very fuccefsfully, through feveral Beds of hard Stone, Coal, and other Minerals, 'till the Pit was funk down 41 Fathom from the Surface, where they came to a Bed of Black Stone, about lTx Inches think, very fullof Joints, or open Cliffs, which divided the Stones into Pieces of about fix Inches Square, the Sides whereof were all fpangled with Sulphur, and in Colour like Gold. Underthis Black- Stone lies a Bed of Coal two Foot thick 1 When the Workmen firft prick’d the Black-Stone Bed, which was on the rife Side of the Pit, it afforded very little Water, contrary to what was expe&ed ; but indead thereof a vaft Quantity of damp corrupted Air, which bubbled through a Quantity of Water, then fpread over that part of the Pit, and made a great hiding Noife 5- at which the Workmen being fomewhat fur- pri7,’d, held a Candle towards it, and it immediately took Fire upon the Surface of the Water, and burn’d very fiercely ; the Flame being about half a Yard in Diameter, and near two Yards high, which frightned the Workmen fo that they took the Rope, and went up the Pit, having firft extinguifhed the Flame, by beating it out with their Hats ; the Steward of the Works being made acquainted with it, went down the Pit with one of the Men, and holding a Candle to the fame Place, it immediately took Fire again,, as be- fore, and burnt about the fame Bignefs the Flame being blue at the Bottom, and more white to- wards the Top. They fuffer’d it to burn near half an Hour, and no Water being drawn in that time, it rofe and cover’d the Bottom of the Pit near a Yarddeep, ('ll* ) but that did very little abate the Violence or Bulk of the Flame, it ftili continuing to burn upon the Sur- face of the Water. They then extinguifhed the Flame as before, and opened the Black-Stone Bed near two Foot broad, that a greater Quantity of Air might iifue forth, and then fired it again it burn’d a full Yard in Diameter, and about three Yards high, which foon heated the Pit to fo great a Degree, that the Men were in Danger of being ftifled, andfo were as expeditious as poffible in extinguifhing the Flame, which was then too ftrong to be beaten outwith their Hats ; but with the Afliftance of a Spout of Water, of four In- ches Diameter, let down from a Ciftern above, they happily got it extinguished without further Harm. After this no Candks were fuffered to come near it, ’till the Pit was funk down quite through the Bed of BlackStone, and the two Foot Coal underneath it, and all that part of the Pit, for four or five Foot high, was fram’d quite round, and very clofe jointed, fo as to repel the damp Air, which neverthelefs, it was- apprehended, would break out in fome other adjoining part, unlefs it was carried quite off as foon as produced out of the Cliffs of the Stone ^ for which End a fmali Hollow was left behind the Framing, in order to collect all the damp Air into oneSiae of the Pit, where a T ube, of abqut two Inches Square, wasclofely fixed, one End of it jnto the Hollow behind the Framing, and the other carried up into the open Air, four Yards above thje Top of the Pit ; and through this Tube thefaid damp Air has ever fince difcharged it- felf, without being fenfibly diminifhedin its Strength, or leffened in its Quantity, fince it was firft opened^ which is now two Years, and nine Months ago: It is juft ( tl* ) juft the fame in Summer as in Winter, and will fill a large Bladder in a few Seconds, by placing a Funnel at the Top of the Tube, with the fmallEnd of it put into the Neck of the Bladder, and kept clofe with one’s Hand. The faid Air being put into a Bladder, as is above defcribed, and tied clofe, may be carried away, and kept fome Days, and being afterwards preifed gently thro’ afmall Pipe into the Flame of a Candle, will take Fire, and burn at the End of thePipe as long as the Blad- der is gently preffed to feed the Flame, and when taken from the Candle, after it is fo lighted, it will continue burning ’till there is no more Air left in the Bladder to fupply the Flame. This fucceeded in May laft be- fore the Royal Society , after the Air had been con- fined in the Bladder for near a Month. The Air, when it comes out at the Top of the Tube, is as cold as Frofty Air. It is to be obferved that this fort of Vapour, or damp Air, will not take Fire except by Flame ; Sparks do not affeft it, and for that Reafon it is frequent to ufe Flint and Steel in Places affeded with this fort of Damp, which will give a glimmering Light,' that is a great Help to the Workmen in difficult Cafes. After the damp Air was carried up in a Tube, in the Manner above defcrib’d, the Pit was no more annoy’d with it, but was funk down very fuccefsfully througli the feveral Beds of Stone and Coal, without any other Accident, or Interruption, ’till it came to the main Seam of Coals, which is three Yards thick, and 79 Fathom deep from the Surface j and the faid Pit be- ing Oval, as. ten Foot one way, and eight the other. (>? ) it ferves both for draining the Water by a Fire-En^ - gine, and alfo for railing the Coals. i tylntebaven, Aug. r, mb IV. An ObferVation of the Eclipfe of the Sun o?z: May i, 173?) hi the Afternoon. Ey Mr. George Graham, F. 5. in Fleet- ftreet, London. Made with a Telefcope of ten Feet in Length, fitted with a Micrometer. App. Time. At 5h 44' 45" It began. 6 25 30 The Cufps were vertical. 6 37 30 The Eclipfe was greate-ft, the lucid] Part of the Sun’s Diameter meafu- ring 416 Parts, whereof the Sun’s Diameter meafured 1311. So that: the Eclipfe was 9? Digits. 6 4 6 00 The Cufps were horizontal. 7 28 x3 The Eclipfe ended. ( 1 1 4 ) V. A Letter from Mr. Stephen Gray, F. '7 ) VII. NonnulU Jo vis Satellitum Eclipfes Bono- niae, Obfervatce ab Euftachio Manfredi. Temp. Ver. h I » io 3 13 2 3<5 7 3i 4° 13 32, 4 S> 44 4i ♦ 10 3? 33 10 3$ 41 9 j8 4 9 58 21 Anno 1732-. Apr. 2. Emerfio 2^ fatellit. Jovis ab umbra, coelo fereno, Telefcopio pedum 22. Emerfio 4" fatel. Jovis ab umbra, coelo fereno, Telef. p. 22. ■Apr. 3. Emerfio ab umbra intimi J-ovis fatel. coelo fereno, Telef. p. 22. ’ Apr. 9. Emerfio ab umbra 2di fatel. Jovis, coelo fereno, Telef. p. 22. aliquantulum dubia. Maij 3. Emerfio ab umbra intimi fatel. Jovis , coelo fereno, Telef. p. 22. Maij 4. Emerfio ab umbra Jovis 2di fatel. ne- bulofo coelo, Sc fpirante vento. Telef. p. 14. Telef. p. 11. Maij 2 6. Emerfio intimi fatel. Jovis ab umbra, coelo fereno. Telef. p. 22. Telef. p. 11. Q. 2 An. 1 733, ( n8 ) Temp.Ver. Anno 173 z. Jun. z. h I II 9 43 47 Emerfio 3“ fatel. ab umbra Jovis, ne- bulofo coelo, Telef. pedum zz. Jun. 9. ix 7 14 Iinmerfio 3“ fatel. in umbram coelo fereno, Telef. p. zz. Jun. 18. 10 8 zj Emerfio ab umbar intimi Jovis fatel. coelo fereno, Telef. p. zz. Jultj zy. 7 36 5 Emerfio intimi fatel. ab umbra Jovis , coelo fereno, Telef. p. 11. dubia. Anno 1733. Jan. 17. Immerfio 3'“ fatel. in umbram Jovis , coelo fereno. 14 8 4J1 Telef. p. zz. 14 8 33 Telef. p. 14. 1 6 13 29 Emerfio 3“ fatel. ab n\x\btzJovis, coelo fereno, Telef. p. zz. Mart. iz. Immerfio intimi fatel. in umbram Jovis, ccelo fereno. *3 23 34 Telef. p. zz. 13 2.3 2,2 Telef. p. nr VIII. A ( 1*9 ) VIII. A Letter from Mr. Richard Lewis, at Annapolis hz Maryland, to Mr. Coilinibn, F. containing the Account of a remarka- ble Generation of Infers -y of an Earthquake j and of ah Explofion in the Air. SIR, Annapolis OB. 27, 1 7 3 v in Maryland.. I Send you herewith fome Leaves of a Fly-Tree (fa- it is call'd by fome People) from whence vaft Swarms of Flies have been obferved to iffue ; having heard ftrange Stories about it, I defired a Perfon who went to fee it, to bring me fome of the fly-bearing Leaves ; about the latter End of fane laft he brought me fome Leaves, on which was fix’d a toueh little Bag, as big as the Hulk of a Philbert, but is now very much fhrunk with drying. It was of a dulky green Colour; I cut it open, and a Fly, like a Gnat, came out of it; I difcover’d no more Flies, 'till look- ing at it with a Glafs, I could difcern fomething mov- ing amongft the bluifh Pulp, and after a while ob- ferv’d that it contain’d many red Grubs, very fmall,, without Wings ; I bound up the Nidus , and next Morning the Grubs had gotten bluifh Wings, and their Body was of a gray ifh Colour ; there was a great Number of them, but they foon flew away. I went to fee the Tree; its Bark and Leaf refembles a Male Mul- berry, the Leaves were plentifully flock’d with thefe Bags ; I open’d feveralof them which were plentifully flock’d with thefe Infers, Amongft all the Excrefenees - which ( ) which I have feen on Leaves, I have obferved none like thefe. When the Leaf is fmallthey are fcarcely difcernable, they grow with the Leaf, which is not difcolour’d or crumpled by them. I have read Rhedis’ s curious Treatife of the Generation of In- fers, but found no Account therein of any of their Nefls like thefe. On ‘fuefday the 5 th of September lad, about Eleven in the Morning, an Earthquake was felt in diverfe Places in Maryland j the molt particular Account I have heard of it was from Mr. Chew, It {hook his Houfe for fome time, and flopp’d the Pendulum of his Clock ; during its Continuance, a rumbling Noife was heard in the Air, and many People who did not feel the Shaking, as well as thofe who did, complained of a Dizzinefs in their Heads, and Sicknefs at their Sto- machs : At the fame time, I have been credibly in- formed, it was felt in Penjilvania, and New-Eng - land ; but I have not heard whether it extended to North or South Carolina. Having mentioned the Earthquake above, I {hall mention a furprizing Phenomenon that happen’d in 1 725, fomething of the fame Nature, but with fome remarkable Difference, as it was lately fent me by Capt. Richard Smith. Odtol. 22, 1725-, about Two in the Afternoon, the Sky being very ferene and clear, Capt. Smith heard, as he then thought, the Noife of a Gun, of a Minion Size, about 12 Miles Eaftwardfrom him,whichNoife was repeated at leaft 20 times, butat unequal Diftan- ces of time, and foon afterwards followed a very loud Explofion, as if a Ship had been blown up: Upon En- quiry, he was told by feveralPerfons who lived about 12 Miles { III ) ii Miles diftant from his Houfe, that they were greatly amazed with the Appearance of an extraordi- nary Brightnefs in the Zenith , refembling Flame, which continued for about 5 Minutes, and then the imaginary Guns were fired twenty or thirty times, which fo difturb’d the Atmofphere, that the Birds loft the Ufe of their Wings, and fell to the Ground in great Diforder. This Noife was heard about fifty Miles each Way, from the bright Appearance afore- faid. — — Thus far the Captain. I heard the Noife (as moft People did) but faw not the Brightnefs at Patapsko , being about 60 Miles from the Captain’s Houfe. I was told that the Shock, occafioned by the Noife, threw down Pewter that was fet to dry againft the Side of a Houfe. As this in fome manner refembled an Earthquake (which has fcarce ever before difturb’d ourNorthernWorld) Ifhould be glad to know your Opinion of fuch Explotions. From your humble Servant, Richard Lewis* IX. A Letter from Mr. Evan Davis to Mr. John Eames, F. <%. S. concerning fome Chil- dren inoculated with the Small-Pox, at Haverford-Weft in Pembrokefhire. • SIR, HAD I known in the Beginning of laft Spring that an Account oftheSuccefs of Inoculation in the Small-Pox, prafftis’d here about that time, would be agreeable to you, as you fignify in your laft, I would would not have delayed fo long to communicate it. If the Account had then been taken with a View of fending it abroad, it would probably have been more full and particular in fome Circumftances relating to the feveral Stages and Appearances of that Diftemper in the Cafes of thofe who were inoculated with it, than could now be recollected at this Diflance of time; yet I hope nothing material has been omitted, that may be neceflary for forming a Judgment on thofe Cafes which you have here related. The Mealies in- terfering with the inoculated Small-Pox, and prolong- ing the time between the Inoculation and the Erup- tion of this latter fo much beyond what othervvife was ufual, as you will obferve below it did in every one of the Inftances mentioned, had, I thought, fome* thing in it that was peculiar and uncommon, and there- fore what might deferve your Notice. This was the lecond Opportunity that has been taken to praCtife this Method of Inoculation in this Town and Neigh- bourhood. It was firft introduced here about ten Years ago, by the ingenious and learned Dr. Perrott Williams , who then lived in this Town, and had . practis'd Phylick for feveral Years in this Country with eminent Succefs • but is fince removed to London. He had then his own Children inoculated among fome. of the firft on whom the Experiment was made, and (if I forget not) fent an Account of that Matter about that time to your Society, which was afterwards publilhed by Dr. Jurin. Our Inoculators are two Surgeons of good Note and repute in this Town (who alio keep Apothecaries Shops) and are the only Perfons that I hear of inthefe Parts who are come into that PraCtice. Upon my re- queuing ( ) quelling it, I received from them thi£ laft Week the Account following. Some little time before laft Chriftmafs the Small. Pox appear’d in this Town, chiefly of the confluent kind : Some had it with Purple-Spots, and other violent Symptoms, whereof feveral died. Towards the Spring, the Mealies became more Epidemical, and alfo more fatal, than the Small-Pox. Some of the Subjefts that had been vilited but a little time before with the Small-Pox, and upon their Recovery had their Bodies purged, yet died of the violent Cough which attended and fucceeded the Mealies, which af. terwards feized them. The Mealies continued to rage ’till almoft all the Subjects in this Place were vilited with them, the Small-Pox continuing alfo during the whole time, yet making but a flow Progrefs; and to this time it has not left us. About the End of February laft, Mr. Francis Mey- ler inoculated his own Son, near three Years old, from a Child of about the fame Age, who had the diftinft Sort of Small.Pox, but the Puftules fmall. He made a flight Incilion on both Legs, which took only in one: After four Days a Puftule appeared on the Part wounded, but did not much inflame it, nor make much Progrefs. On the 7th Day the Child grew feverilh, and on the 8th, or towards the 9th Day (in- fteadof the intended Small-Pox) the Meafles appear’d all over his Body, attended with a Cough ; at which time the feverilh Diforder abated, ’till the nth or nth Day : Then he grew feverilh again, and to- wards the 14th Day the Small-Pox appeared, a fmall diftinfl: Sort, and few in N umber. After the Eruption was full* he grew hearty, and fo continued, not being R vilited ( i*4) vifited with a fecond Fever. After this Mr .Meyler inoculated two other Children from his own Son, by- applying the Matter, after a flight Incifion, to both the Legs of each of them, but it did not fucceed. About the fame time he inoculated two other Children, a little Way out of Town, from a Neighbour’s Child, but neither of them were infected. Its not fucceed- inghe knows not what to impute to ; whether to the Slightnefsof the Incifion, or to the want of a Suffici- ency of Matter to infe£t with, or to the want of a Difpofition in the Subjects to be infefted. About the latter End of March laft Mr. Richard Wright inoculated a Daughter of fho. Kymer, Efq; of this Town, between 3 and 4 Years of Age, from another Child of about the fame Age, who had a di- ftincl kind. The Matter was applied to one of her Arms, the Incifion being made pretty deep. The Inflammation thereof began about the 4th or 5thDay, and afterwards appeared confiderably great. She pro- ceeded until the 7th Day in a very hearty and brilk State, at which time fhe began to grow heavy, fick, and very feverifh. Then an Eruption of the Small- Pox was expedited } but her Fever increafed, and the next Day there were Eruptions feen all over her Body, which proved to be the regular Meafles. She was treated accordingly, and grew well, excepting a pretty fevere Cough fhe had, and this Cough continued through the whole Courfe of the-following Small- pox. About the nth Day Ihe ficken’d again, and about the 14th the Small-Pox appeared, the diftinft fort, and very favourable • they came out, fill’d, and dry’daway very kindly, and were attended with very little of a fecond Fever. She went through the Di- ftemper 0*5) ftemper with a great deal of Chearfulnefs : She was purged afterwards, and feemed very well $ but in a little time after, a Boil came on the lower Part of the Shoulder-Blade of the fame Arm wherein (he was inoculated, which was brought to fuppurate, and was healed in a common Manner. From this Subjed laft mentioned Mr. Wright in-, oculated two Daughters and a Son of Nicholas Roch , Efq; at his Seat, about five Miles diftant from this Town. Thefe three Children were aged from 3 to 8 Years.The Incifion was made in oneArm of each Child ; it produced the fame Effeft on every one of them as it did on Mifs Kymer ; viz. the Meafles on the 7th or 8th Day, and the Small-Pox of the diftinft fort on the 14th Day. They went all three verj> well through every Stage of the Diftemper j the fe« condary Fever was but flight. One of thefe had them fomewhat thick, and the other two had a pretty many of the Pox appearing over them likewife ; but they thoroughly recover’d all of them, and have all fince continued in a good State of Health. Thus, Sir, you have this Affair related by thelno- culators above named, in a faithful, and impartialMan- ner. You may beaffured, though perhaps not fo large- ly as you might exped, for the Reafon before alledg- ed : But if there fhould be Occafion for explaining themfelves in any Particular, they will readily do it when defired. I know of nothing I have to add be- fore I conclude, unlefs it be my good Wifhes, that wherever this Pradice takes, it may be attended with the fame Safety and Succefs that it has hitherto met with here ; which feems to me to recommend it as an happy Expedient that Providence has kindly direded R % to. ( 'I* ) to, in order to guard againftthe Injuries and Dangers of one of the moft dreadful and deftructive Difeafes in- cident to Mankind. 1 have juft Caufe, I conceive, to incline me to think very favourably of this Method, from what I havemyfelf obferved of its Advantages. In the Beginning of this Year I loft one Child out of five I had, by the Small-Pox in the natural Way j and I have feen what great Sicknefs and Mifery the other four fuffered, who all of them had the confluent fort, in Comparifon with what the Inoculated underwent. One Boy of mine particularly, between 7 and 8 Years of Age, had it fo violently, that his Life firft, then his Limbs, Senfes, and Intellefts were endangered by it ; and he is not yet fully recovered from the Effects ,of it to his former good Health and Strength, though he had it in Dec. and Jan. laft, among thofe who firft fell into it, when it came this laft time to this Place. 'Aug. 1 1, 1732. P. S. Concerning the four Children above men- tioned, on whom the Operation did not fucceed, but remained unir»fe6ted after the variolous Matter was applied in the ufual Way to them. They have all of them fince efcaped the Mealies, though moft other Children about them had ’em, and none of them have yet had the Small-Pox, though it ftill continues in the Town. There are not many now that are lick of it, but it is of the bad confluent kind, attended with Purple-Spots, and watery Blad- ders that are mix’d with the Purples. It is obferved, that moft of thefe who have of late been vifited with it, have died thereof. This probably will incline fome to ufe Inoculation again, and to make that Prac- tice, under Providence, their Refuge. I am, Sir, Yours, m. 25. 1732. Evan Davis. ( '17 ) X.ObferVations of the Variations of the Needle and Weather, made hi aVoyage to Hudfon’s-Bay, in the Year I73 1, by Capu Chriftopher Middleton, communicated to the Royal Society by Mr. Benjamin Robins, E (PV S'. with a Letter to Mr. Robins. Month and Days. Sj so § EC Barom. Alt. Therm Alt. Lat. p Davis or Acr .1 Lat. /w* ■ Elton, Obf. bO G O ►J Need. Variat. Obf. Winds. | Weather. 1 1 73 1 9 j EN E. June 14 1 2 30 26 59-17 Sd-5 2 17.30 SE. Fair and Clofe. 9 SEbE. Dit. 1 5 9 32 25 | Fair and Clofe. 12 31 25 j 59.24 Obf. 8d.S8 18. ESE. Dit. 9 32 24 + Dit. Dit. 16 9 32 24 4 ESE. Dit. 12 32 24.3 59*3° 11.50 19. Dit. Dit. 7 9 S2 24 i Dit. Dit, 17 9 3i 24 S E bS. Dit. 1 2 3i 24 7 59-35 15.10 20. Dit. Dit.— at 2 fmall Rain* 9 24 SbW. Dit. 18 9 3i 24 s w. Cloudy with fmall Mill. 12 30 24 59.29 1 8-45 21. SWbS. Foggy 5 with fmall Rain. 9 29 23 • \ NN W. Fair and clear, but cloudy. l9 9 3i 25 Dit. Clear, with Clouds. 12 3i 25 58.54' 58.52 Obf. 21.15 21.3° Dit. Hazy, with fmall Rain, 6 30 24 Nb E. Fair and Clear. 20 9 30 24 Acc. SE. Clear, with fmall Rain, 12 30 24 k 58-47 58.55 Obf. 24.I I 22. Dit. Fair and Cloudy. 9 29 24 \ I. SEbS. Foggy, frefh Gales & Rain, 21 9 27 24 \ - SE. Frefh Gales, with much Rain 12 26 24 58.47 29.13 24. Dit. Dit. 9 25 24 Dit. Little Wind and foggy. 22 9 25 24 Acc. ESE Dit.- -with fmall Rain, f 12 | 24 23i 58.42 58.47 Obf. 32.54 26. Obf. SEbE. Foggy. 9, 24 2 3 ~ ESE. Dit. 23 9 2 6r 25 NEbE. Frefh Gales, hazy k mifty. 121 | 28 25 . 58.38 36.55 26. ENE. Dit. 9 30 26 L Dit. Frefh Gales, with Clouds. 24 9 30 26 t 4 E S E. Fair, with little Winds. I2i 29 25^i 58.37 Obf. 40.56 27.3° Dit. Dit. 9 28 2H -■ 1 Dit. Dit. 25 9 28 25i _..l EbS. Light Winds k fairWeather. ; ,2| 27 25 i 58.32 Jbf. [43 30, Obf. Dit, Fair and Clear. June - ( «i8 ) Months and Days. [Hours. Therm Alt. Lat. p Davis or Act * Lat. p 5 Elton. 1 •Obf, Long. Need. Variat. Obf. Winds. J une 2 ; 9 28 ’ 25 i NN W. 26 9 32 28 WN W. 12 34 29 57.39 43-17 29 W bff. 9 27 \ * s w. 27 9 33 28 - ■ I N W. 12 33 28 58.6 45.IOJO NWbN. 9 3i 27 SE. 28 9 29 28 , SSE. 1 2 29 29 58.18 47.16 31 S W. 9 3*i 29 £ , . wsw. 29 9 33 29** w s w. 1 2 33x 29 53.29 47.41 3i S w. 9 322* s8 j - . s s w. 3° 9 30 - Sb W. 1 2 29 28 % 58.53 5 1. 16 33 Dit. 9 28 29 i S W. July. 1 9 2 77 50 i WbS. 12 3i 3° 7 59-49 34-5 6 34 Weft. 6 32 30 i- 2 9 32 30 Calm. 12 32 28 i 60.16 60.16 Obf. 55-4 34 Calm. 9 325- 29 Dit. 3 9 33 30 North. 12 33? 31 T 60.08 56.22 34 NbE. 9 33 3° 2 North. 4 9 3i 29? NN W. 12 3Q 29 59-33 59-33 Obf. 58.10 37 Obf. N W. 9 29 28^ North. 5 9 30 29 NWbN. 12 3i 28 L 59-33 58.28 37 Calm. 9 31 28% Dit. 6 9 3i 28i N N W. 1 2 3i *2 29 60.2 58.4O 37 NN W 9 3i 29 N E. 7 9 3*7 3° - NN E. 12 3i 30 60.9 60.22 37-40 Calm. 9 3oi 29 Obf. S W. 8 19 3i 29 \ < SE. 12 3i 30 60.29 60.30 Obf. \ 61.23I 33 N E. 9 31 29 WbN, 9 9 34 34 . S WbS. 1 2 34 337 61.16 61.19 Obf. 63-57 38 Obf. Dit. 9 33 32 10 9 32 32 Acc. E S E* 1 2 32 32 6i<35 61.25 Obf. 65.17 40 Dit. Weather, Cloudy. Clofe. Hazy. F refh Gales & hazy Foggy. Thick .and foggy. Hazy, with fmall Rai Foggy, with much Ra, Hazy, with fmall Rain Frefh Gales, with Fogs Little Wind, and hazy Fair and clear 5 fomei 1 Foggy and wret. Squally. Frefh Gales, and haz Frefh Gales, Fogs, an< 5 2 ID. above chang.flfmv — fell 1 D.belo. chang — fell. Small Rain, & Calm. Somewhat hal at a Stand, fair and — fomew. fall*. light, &iear. Clofe and grey Weathl — contin. to fall, clear, Jcoid rifing a little, fair Mi — rifing, fair with fly.fo jcs. — rifing, lit. Wind, & ftfeain Clofe, lit. Winds & fly.(c Light Air, and varia; fallen, fair and deal ■at a Hand, fair WeB er. — at aftand, clofe, & litjjinds — at a ftand, little W — at a ftand, clofe, & midy. — fome, fall, clear w. feud & Clofe and grey Wea — rifing, lit. Wind Stf Clofe and foggy. Dit. Dit. — fallen 4 Deg. clear$ :old Fair, clear, much Ice i fight — rifing, fair and cle^j — rifing, fair and cle; at a ftand, fair ancf ear. ruly ( ii9 ) i Month! and Days. [ Hours. Barom. Alt. IS , h< Lat./ Davis or Act LiLat.^ 5 Elton. 'Obf. 0 ►A Variat. i Ob/. Winds. Weather. July io H 9 32 .32 § Hands, frefh Gale. 9 34 33 T Acc SEbS. — -fallen, frefh G. with Squalls 1 2 34 33 7 62 62.4 Obf. 69.2 4i > SEbS. — at a ftand, frefh Gales. 9 34 33 Dit. — at a ftand, hazy. 12 9 37 32l j Dit. — fallen, fair. 1 2 36 304 62.33 Obf. 71.2 43 ws W. — fomewhat riling, fair. 9 35 3o Dit. • — riling, little Winds, & fair. *3 9 35 29 r Acc •] Dit. — at a ftand, fair withCalm. . 12 35 30 62.46 62.40 Obf. 72.6 43 N W. Fair and moderate. 9 35 3° f N W. Fair and clear. 14 9 35 32 Dit. * — at a ftand, fair and clear. 12 35 32 62.30 Obf 73-33 4i i North. — at a ftand, fair and clear. 9 3 3 32 n N WbN. Fair, ferene Weather. *5 9 345* 3 2 , Acc. Obf. South. — fomewhat fallen, foggy. . 12 35 33 ^ 63-13 63.14 75-9 4i SbE. Very foggy. 9 35 33 \ S E. — at a ftand; foggy. 16 9 35 33 Acc. N W. —at a ftand, fair and clear. 12 35 32 j 63.21 62.58 Obf. “3 42 N N W. Fair, ferene Weather. s 9 35 r 3 1 * Dit. — falling, clear. ' 17 9 34 \ 3 1 , 63-17 N W. — riling, clear. 1 2 33 \ 3° f 78.29 4i Dit. — continues riling, clear. 9 33 30T North. — riling, ferene Weather. iB 9 33 1 3 1 Acc. N W. Foggy. t 1 2 34 ■3* f 63-9 63.6 Obf. 79-53 40 Dit. q a little fallen, thick Fog. 9 34 31 I South. — at a ftand, hazy. *9 1 9 335* 31 # Eaft. — riling, frefh Gale. 12 33 3° J 62.14 Obf 80.44 E b N. — contin. rifing fair, & clear. 9 3o| 29 Dit. — continues riling, ferene. 20 9 28 27 1 Weft. — riling, grey dole Weather. 12 28 26 1 61.18 81.26 3 7 Dit. — Hands, frefh Gales, & foggy. 9 30 29 N W. — fallen, hazy. t 21 9 32 3° North. — falls, fair, and clear. t ’ ' 12 32 29 1 60.5 Obf 83.2 34 NW. -—Hands, frelh Gales, & fair. 1 , 9 32 29 2 Dit. — at a Hand, fqually. 22 9 34 3i N W. — fallen, moderate, and fair. 1 1 ! 2 34 3i 58.4 Obf 84.20 30 Weft. — at a ftand, fair. . 1 9 33 3i ws w. — rifes, dark and cloudy. 23 9 32 3l T W B N. — rifing, dirty and Rain. 12 32^ 3i I 57-35 84.20 29 WbS. — ■ftand$,fpggy,& fmallRain. 9 33 32 1 N W. — fallen, frelh breeze & cold. 24 9 37 34, Acc. j N W. — fallen 4 Deg. inclof.w. Ice s 1 2 37 33 l 56.13 56-20 Obf. 85.27 25 j Weft. —Hands, foggy and much Ice- j 9 36 •} 32 ^ Calm. —rifing, ferene. 25 9 36 32 , Acc. SSE — rifing, hazy. , 12 35 31 ? 56,24 5,6.24 Obf 85.27 24 Eaft. — continues rifing, fair. * * 9 35 32 T S E b E. • — Hands, hazy, and coldAir. 9 ! 35 33 7 SSE. — fomew. fall hazy, & cold. July * > < I3° ) Months and Days. 1 Hours. Barom* Alt. Therm Alt. Vg (4-s cu j ! ^ Si is -*« Cu f bO 1 § A Variat. Obf. July 26 1 2 36 33 r 55-39 ■ 35.33 85. 4° 24 9 36 34 -27 9 37 35 1 2 37 34r 54-23 85.48 24 9 37 35, ■28 9 37 344 1 1 2 37 34? 53*57 24 • - 9 35 3° 29 9 35 3° ? 1 2 34 3i 53-29 25 9 33 3i 3° 9 37 32 1 2 36 29 * 9 35 z9 T 3i 9 31 27 1 2 3i 27 ' _ 9 29 25 . Aug. 1 9 26 22 Aug. 20 9 3° 35 ' Obf. 12 33 2 7 52.40 52.42 9 35 30 21 9 3E. SE. NE. N N E. Dit. Dit. ESE. Dit. EbN. ENE. Dit. ENE. NNE. North. Weather. 3 falling, Rain, & frefhG;* —Hands, thick and rain; — contin. falling, fair & e< — Hands, cold, & much IP — as above, frefh Gale, cc 1. — as above, moder. &haK — Hands, moderate & fa; — riling, fair, pleaf.Weatl : — at a Hand, cloudy w.R;a — riling. Thunder and R0)>u Birgero Vaflenio, LeHore Mathem. in Gym- natio tf^egio Gothoburg. INitium Eclipfeos, quod ob nubes interpofitas animadverti non potuit, ante 6h z6' port mer. incidifle videtur. 6h 3 8' 43' 'ad tresfere digitos obfcurabatur Sol. 6 49 52. ad fex plus minus digitos. 7 14 6 adparebat y. 7 14 46 incepit totus tegi Solis difcus. 7 15 50 Maxima? tenebras, cum ftellsomnes urfx majoris, cor rfl, Sirius, Procyon, Ocu- lus nonnulls alis videri pote- rant : non tamen 5 neque 43 ) XIII. An Account of an Experiment contrived by G. J. s’Gravefande, Trof.Matb. at Leyden, E <^.S. relating to the Force of moving Bo- dkSyJbeum to the Royal Society, by J. T, Defaguliers, LL. T>. and E . S . Secret. iy. Aeris Terrsque Phyfica Hifloria, Anni Biff- 1732. d Nicolao Cyrillo in Univerfi- tate Neapolit. Brjmar. Med. Brofeff. Zsr So IV* An I The C O N T E N T S. V. An Account of a Boof, entituled Jo. Ph. Breynij, M. D. &c. DiiTertatio Phyfica de Bolythalamiis, nova Teftaceorum clafle, &c. Gedani, 1732, 4^, or aBhyfical Differ- tation of a new Claji of Shells , whicb~he jliles Polythalamiums, tsrc. with fourteen Copper < Plates . By Richard-Middleton Maffey, M. 2). F. R. S. and Hon. F. C. Med. Lond. VI. An Account of a Book, entituled, Ofteogra- pliia, or, the Anatomy of the Bones, ©^Wil- liam Chefelden, Surgeon to her Majefty, F. Be S. Surgeon to St. Thomas^ Hofpitald and Member of the (Royal Academy of Sur- gery at Paris. By John Belchier, Surgeon, F.R.S. I. HER- ( »47 ) I. HERMANNI BOERHAAVE, A. L. M. [ Tbilo/opb . O' Med. Doff. Medicinae in UniVer - fit ate Leiden fi ) dum de arcane fophorum differunt, eo celandi Au- dio abuti accufantur, quafi hie loci nollent intelligi. Paradoxa adeo, a cognitis aliena, & hyperbolica fublimitate turgida, nova, jadare perhibentur, uc deliri, fabulofi, mendaces, 8c vani, explodantur. Enimvero verbis feveri, divires promifiis, rem in- terea ipfam atra adeo caligine condunt, ut arcana re- velata nolle videantur. Sapientum ideo plurimi ju- dicant, impoffibile prorfus naturae, SC arti, quod promittnnt : indignos quin imo cenfenr, qui Philo- lophis inferi, aur ab iildem legi, mereantur. Arti- fici tamen tutius, quam ignaro, propria in arte cre- ditur • SC temeraria, quae poflibilia definiun^ mor- raliurn judicia : Praecipue quidem, dum palatn hi Chemiftae clamant, feripta fua unice libranda ad leges naturae certiflimas, rerum eventis folidecompertas ; nolunt credi, fi quid ufquam forte protulerint, quod adverfum fit vere compertis per experimenta viribus nature. Imo aiunt contra, eo tantum haec ab iis propofito did : ut profani a mifteriis procul abfint, quae initiatis aperiuntur, hinc necefle fuifle, ut ali- ena, obfeura, faepe & falfa, finceris, liquidis, & ve- ris, interpolarentur. Contigit mihi chemica ferutanti, Sc evolventi Alchemiftarum feripta, videre, unam efie mentem omnibus. Metalla fuis iir venis naturaliter gigni, ali, crefcere, multiplicari, ut caetera naturalia fuo quaeque loco. Alimenta etiam metallorum, aliens prius indolis, vi genitali feminis metallici verti* in naturam vere metallicam ita, ut, fola hac feminali poteftate amitterent priftinam, novam acciperent hanc proprietatem, uno teporis pr^gnantis fotu. Fieri fcilicet omnia h#c volunt eadem penitus rati- one^ • f 1 4 7 ) one, ut animantum, & ftirpium, femina fuum ia nutrimentum accepts alimenca mutant. Sic aun vegentis vivificans femen, nadtum apta pabula, in matrice idonea, ope convenientis caloris, in fingularem fuam indolem eadem digereret. Ea idea ratione, per legem fiibterraneis fcriptam, ex materia diverfi ab auro ingenii, longa die, verum perpetuo nafci aurum, ftatuunt. Vitali nempe augmento, ex alimento vi fua fubacfto, in materiem fibi fimilem9 crefcit ; quamdiu quatuor conditiones ilia: praefto manent. Has autem accuratius profequuti depre* henderunt, nata metalla, aurum prxcipue, detineri ardiiflime claufa, folidum inter, &: puriffimum, fax- um, quod undique quam follicitiffime obferatum nec aditum, nec exitum, dare cernitur. Matrix nafcentis metalli denfa, dura, impenetrabilis, fin- cera, undique obturata, vitrum refert. Vix aliud difficilius intelledlu, quam modum perfpiccre, quo folidum metalli penetrare fe potuerit per ponderofam durse filicis molem, ufque intra venas metallo praeg- nantes, & oneratas. Nec arduum minus, affequi, quanam tandem via clanculum tranfierit, in latentes latebras idem metallum, fi prima in origine liquidum fuerat, ut valde probabile habetur. Matrix genuina metalli fic cognita. Calor quoque fodinarum me- talliferarum cognitus : raro aequat fani teporem ; led crebro infra gradum fexagefimum in thermometri Fahrenheitiani fcala fubfiftit. Hinc & Myftae prae- cipiunr, ut foeta arcani materies, vitro inclufa pure, foveatur Majali colore. Hunc quinquaginta paffim graduumexperimur. Atque ille quidem ipie me* dius compertus eft toto anno, per obfervationes lol- licitiffime inftitutas induftria Cruquiana, Qbfcurius U % manet ( ) manet pabulum metalli, ut & quas fit feminalis ilia, prolifera, & genitrix^ materies? Aiunt plerique, cfle argentum vivum materiem omnibus communem metallis. Hoc potentia vitalis feminis mutatum dare merallum deft ni turn juxta fingularem proprieta- tem feminalis efficaciae. Singula ergo metalla ar- gento vivo, & hac vi metallifica (Sulphur dicunt) mature percoctis, perduci in fpeciem perfediam fin- gularis metalli. Hinc St in bina hxc refolvi iterum unumquodque metallum. Ipfi tamen argento vivo, a prima nativitate, haeret originalis labes, intime concrete miris cum eo modis inolefcens ; hinc dif- ficillime ab eo feparanda. Non foret ideo argen- tum vivum, fimplicifiimum, neque liberum, fed, per alienum illud inh&rens, jam definite naturse ; atque proptereavix pateretur, ut, obfequiofum virtuti par- ticular^ feminis metallici, duceretur innaturam uni- us metalli fingularem. Si vero arte difficillima re- purgatur penitus ab ea peregrina macula, turn de- mum haberi liquidum; metallicum ; ponderofifii- mum; fimpliciflimum ; nulla arte, nec natura, un- quam in diverla divifibile; in quo foluti cujufque metalli femen vivificatum,.fe perfedtiflime multipli- caret ; in quo aurum ipfum deliquefcens, fotum, ma- turatum, foret laboris fupremum pretium, quaefitum adeo, adeo decantatum. Quum viderem convenire fuper his inter principes arris, diumolitus Him, experiundo difcere, quonatn tandem artificio fincerus queat parari Mercurius ? an ex metaliis poflit ille elici ? Quae metalli ilia fit pars altera, fua fub juga liberum cogere apta hydrargy- rum ? Juvat comperta recitare : non qui artem do- ceam ; abfum inde, fi qqis quam longiffime. Sed bona ( *49 ) bona fide narrabo experimenta laboriola, & tarn cer- ta, ut pro veris haberi queant. Opus non erit de- inceps aliis ea repetere, fed his uti pro veris fas erit, quoties erit ufus. Poteritque diiigens artifex, hac aflumens, ad alia ulterius applicare animurn : quo fiudia Chemia magis promoveat. Utinam privatos labores quifque ad publica commoda contuliflec ! Primum efto. I. Argentum vivum purum, vafe vitreo, ficco, fin- cero, contentum, folo concuflu mechanico agitatum, dat pulverem mollem, nigrum, tenuiflimum. 6 P E R A T I O. Uncias fedecim hydrargyri, emti aSocietate Am* ftelctdamenfi, premebam per alutam ; nulla foex re* ftitit. Trivi diu cum aqua pura ; manfit hac pura pod trittim. Cum fale mariuo diu contritus fuit ; fed color falis non inquinabatur. Affufa aqua ad falem hunc & mercurium, contritio repetita; ne- que vel ita mutabatur color. In omni, hoc opere nigri nihil, nil peregrini aut fpurci apparuit. Hy- drargyrus dein ablutus, ficcatus, erat fplendidus. Eum fudi in lagenam vitream, ficcam, finceram, de vitro Germanico oblcuro-viridi conflatam. Pofui fi- mul in furno arena, ad ignem tantum non elevan- tem argentum vivum : quo efiem certus, aquam, qua crebro mercurio clam adeft, omnem penitus expul- fam, triduo fie detinui. Subere puro, ficciilimo, fo- lidiilimo, in collum calidi adhuc vafis intrulo quam for* ( IJO ) fortiffime obturavi vitrum. Apicem lagense fubere claufum immifi ctemento fufo de pice, refina, febo, lulphure. Linteum induxi addudis funibus arde ad- ftridum. Vitrum ita inftrudum indidi ciftelite lig- ncx, ita capienti hanc lagenam, ut earn lateribus fuis contingeret, furfures fieri dein vacua inter vi- trum, 8c ciftellam, loca opplebant. Operculum lig- neum perforatum in medio affixi fupra, ut collum la- genx parte fuperiore fua paulum eminerct per id fo- ramen. Erat vitrum immobile intra ciftellam. Vi- trum fic paratum curavi affigendum ad caudicem tundentem molendinx fullonix, nodes, diefque, rao- bilis ; modo fpiraret ventus ; a prima Martij anni 1731, ad decimam tertiam Novembris ejufdem anni ; fuit Temper ad perpendiculum elevatu, & demiflu, concilium. EFFECTUS. Lagena aperta, idem pondus Mercurij, undique tedi polline mollilfimo, nigerrimo,, copiolb, tenu- iffimo. Prefli per alutam puram ; tranfiit liquidus, purus, Mercurius. In aluta pulvis ille, l'aporis acris, metallici, faporem xris utcunque referentis. COROLLARIA. 1. Argentum vivum, infipidiflimum ex fe, folo quaflatu fit faporis metallici xnei. z. De mitiflimo fit acre, penetrabile. 3. Ex fplendidiffimo argenti colore nigerrimum fit. 4. De fluido confiftens lpecie pulveris. 5". Po- < 1 5 1 ) 5-. Poteft ergo ita latere Tub imagine tails pollinis, & fallere ignaros. II. Argentum vivum purificatillimum, fic tradlatum (1.) datpulverem eundem ionge majorecopia. OPERATIO. Sufpicatus, forte quid hasrere pofle in argento vi- vo aliens ab eo indolis, & motu feparari inde Ipecie illius pulveris ; egi Mercurium ex cornuta vitrea igne arens totura j egreflum refudi in eandem retortam, urfi igne, ut prius. Opus repetivi fexagies. Erac Mercurius 61 vicibus deftillatus. In fundo vafis drachms quinque pulveris rubri. De quo poftea, Mercurius vero hie valde agilis, nitens. Hujus un- cias binas curavi conquaflandas molendina fullonia, eodem prorfus modo (1.) opere, 8c tempore. EFFECTUS. Pondus idem. Pulvis natus mollis, niger, lapo* ris acris, metallici, ss referentis, ad duas drachmas, 8c viginti fex grana : igitur plus odtava ; dum ve- nalis Mercurij vix 1 ig, eadem operatione verfa eflet in pulverem. COROLLARIA. 1. Mercurius 61 vicibus deftillatus, infipidiftimus^ fit faporis metallici. / %, De ( tp ) i. De mitiftimo acris, penetrabilis. 3. Exnitidiflimo argenteo, fpeculari, aterrimus. 4. De fluidiori, quam nativus fuerat, pulvis con- fiftens. 5. Igne diuturno, valido, toties repetito, retinet hanc proprietatem. 6. Qua: ergo non pendet a foece peregrina Mer- curij, inde per ignem feparabili. 7. Materies, a deftillatione Mercurij, in fundo retorta: manens, rubra, fplendens, acris, non eft ma- gis fimilis nigra:, concuftu natae, quam ea pars, qu£ manfit volatilis. 8. Igne, & quaflatu, mutatur Mercurius, eo in rubrum, hoc in nigrum : eft verficolor. 9. An copia minore acftus plusnigri dat? III. Pulvis nigerrimus (Op. II.) ex vitro ft urgetur igne magno, redit in Hydrargyrum purum. OPER ATIO. Drachmas duas, grana viginti fex, de pulvere ni- gro (Op. II.) urfi igne valido, aperto, ex retorta pura vitrea, ut poftremo per horas binas retorta canderet. EFFECTUS. Erant in excipulo drachmae duae, grana duo, ar- genti vivi puriftimi, infipidi, Jplendentis. Adhaefit lateribusvitri, quod commiflum retorta: jn vas aqua plenum ( *n ) plenum definit, hinc inde aliquantum Mercuri), quod accurate colligere nequivi. In fundo retortaj macula fixa, parva fubtiliffime tenuis, vifibilis modo. > I i J i. w . -i w is 0 v i i «' - < .... * ' t V > COROLLARIA, i. Mercurius Sexagies & femel deftillatus, con* cufTus, in pulverem defcriptum verfus, folo igne redit in antiquam formam. а. De acri, penetrabili, fit mitiflimus. 3. Deaterrimo, argenteo nitore fpeculum purum refert. 4. Ex confiftente pulvere fluidiffimus. j\ Tribus his operationibus, manet in le idem ; fub variis interim perfbnis mutat Ipeciem. б. Sapor, & vis acris, mire in eo mittantur, folo motu, igne folo. 7. Interim pauxillulum fixi his operationibus nafe citur ex Mercurio. 8. Nigrum id non erat foex, vel alieni quid, a Mercurio fie feparatum. SCHOLIUM. Mercurium in cucurbitis vitreis, conicis, fundo piano inftru&is, phiala chemica vitrea inverla clau- fis, expofui igni centum & odtuaginta graduum per plures menfes. Fiebat niger, deditqtte pulverem nigrum, fimilem omni dote : unde didici ignem, Sc quafiationem idem agere in mercurium, hoc in gradu. ( »;J4 ) Msrcurius fimplici deftillatione mutatar. OPERATIO. Argenti vivi venalis apud Societatem Amftelsda- tnenfem Uncias xviij ponderis Amftelsdamenfis, urfi ex cornuta vitrea, pura, igne arenas, inexcipulum aqua puritlima, a fundo ad xv pollicum altitudinem, plenum, eoufque, ut nihil manerec Mercuri) currentis in alvo vafis. Mercurium ficcavi, purgavi, charta bibula; pura ficca: ut efiet prorfum ficcus, mun- datus ab omni forde illapfa, & a nigro, quod in de- ftillando evehitur una cum Mercurio qualibet vice deftillationis. Dein fudi rllum in eandem cornutam. Egi denuo, ut vice prima. Id ita repetivi quinqua- gefies & bis. In fingulis deftillationibus naicebatuc pulvis ruber, lplendens, in retorta. EFFECTUS. Pulvis turn ad drachmas iv, cum femifle, poft LII deflillationes, acer, ruber, lplendens, deorlum, furfum, purgans. Mercurius fupererat ad Uncias xvj, drachmas v. Drachma: ergo vj, & dimidia, perierant. Id caveri nequit: per gluten aliquid exfpirat ; chart® bibulx nigri quid, & pauxillulum Mercurij, adhsrefcit, dum exficcatio fingulis vici- fous fit. Parumid una vice; multiplicata vero ope- ra affurgit fenfim in partem notabilem. Pulvis na- rus erat ponderofus, coloris rubri fulgidi, valde fri- abilis, I ( 155) abilis, faporis acerrimi, metallici, naufeofi, penetra- bilis, vix ex ore delendi, corpus humanum diu, Sc valide, turbans, ad excretiones difponens. Mercu- rius ita trattatus fluidior vulgari apparebat. COROLLARIA, 1. Hydrargyrus igne a&us ita, vertitur de fluido in pollinem fere vigefima o&ava fui ponderis. 2.. De nitore Ipeculi argentei in coloreni fulgen- tem, rutilantem. 3. De infipidifiimo in acerrimum, horridumr me- tallicum, penetrabilem, laporem. 4. De raitilfimo in acre virulentum, venenatum, perturbans corpus, dolores ciens. 5. De volatili in fixius, quod non eft ampliusvo- Iatile eo gradu ignis, quo prius avolabat. 6. Mutatur partem reliquam in fluidius, cetera fimile. 7. Motus mechanicus, & parvus ignis, Mercurio nigrum, major ignis rubrum colorem, conciliat, vale claulo. V. Scire geftiebam, quid ultra fieret Mercurio, ft porro urgeretur igne ad deftillationem requifito ? OPERATIC. Uncias xv, drachmas V, Mercurij fuperftitis ab operatione (IV) curavi deftillare, ut prius, eoulque, ut nil reftaret in fundo. Egreflum, depuratum, fic- catum, femper effudi rurfurn in retorram eandem. X % Re- ( M<« ) Repetivi opus per quadringentas,quadraginta,& odo, diftindas vices. Erat Mercurius hie jam deftillando adus quingeatis vicibus perfede. Genuerat Temper quid rubri. Adlcenderat Temper fluidior, purior. Ultimis vicibus urTeram ignem fortius, turn vero- pulvis ille rutilus minui potius, quam augeri, vide- batur : forte pro parte revivificatus. EFFECTUS. Pulvis in fundo retorts ponderabat unciam, drach- mas quinque, grana viginti&t unum. Argentum vi- vum fuperftes port D deftillationes ponderabat un- eias novem, drachmas quinque : fed contigerat in tot deftillationibus ut aliquoties retortuls fuerint fiiTs, ficque Mercurij quid efFugerit, praeter id, quod pur- gando, & ficcando, tot vicibus repetitis perierat. COROLLARIA. i. Corallaria operationum (II 8c IV) in hac ope- ratione etiam vera font. 2,. Mercurius valde immutabilis pro una parte. 3. Tamenaffidue mutabilis pro parte altera. 4. Ex forma mutata in priftinam forte redit fpe- ciem. Et forte regenerafeens nova ignis adione i re- turn revolvitur in ipeciem mutatam. VI. Argenti vivi proprietas, qua vertitur igne in pul- verem hunc, deftillatione ab eo vix aufertur. O P E* ( *57 ) O P E R A T I O. Mercurium fluidi/fimum, puriffimam, unde quin- gentis Sc una deftillationibus confeceram uncias duas, drachmam, & grana quinquaginta & unum, (juxta II, IV, V.) fuperftitem pondere Unciarum decern, drachmarum quinque, cam femifle, deftillavi ex re- torta fincera vitrea : ut Mercurius omnis penitus tranfiret in excipulum. Fundus cornutae.erat mun- dus, ac fi recens ex fornace vitraria cduceretur. Std ad limbum fuperftciei, qua fteterat ante deltil- lationem in ventre retortae, erat annulus fulgens, pulchre rutilus, fpcciolus, tenuis. Mercurium egreF- fum, purificatum, ficcatum refudi in eandem retortam. Urli in excipulum. Id ita repetivi decies. Singu- lis vicibus fiebat plus de illo pulvere rubro. Neque vero parciore copia, quam ex Mercurio crudo. EFFECTUS. Mereurius vividi/Iimus, nitidiffimus. Pulvis fix- ns pulchre rutilus, caeterum ut (II, IV, V.) ad grana feptem. COROLLAR 1 A, i. Mutabilitas Mercurij in hunc pulverem igne a net in eo, poftquarn odtava ejus in pulverem verfa. z. Poll DXI deftillaciones manet, quae lingulae aliquid fecere illius pulveris : licet nihil novi Mercu- rij additum ftierit. 3- Ergo C 158 ) 3 . Ergo pulvis ille vix habendus pro faece fepara- bili a nucleo Mercurij per deftillationem. 4, Et hinc quidem conftat, ilium hac ope ita mu- rad ; certum non eft, eum fie defoecari. f. Ignis non unitur ita Mercurio, ut clari inter recentiores Chemicos feripferunt. 6. Diligentia vix docet Artificem conftantem li- mites, ultra quos pulvis ille amplius non fit. 7. Si pulvis ille oritur igne ex fulphure crudo Mercurij : hasc deftillatio non purgat ab eo Mer- curium. VII. Examinare pulverem, operatione (II, IV, V, VI.) produdum. O P E R A T I O. Uncias duas, drachmam, & grana quinquaginta 8c unum, pulveris illius indidi in retortam vitream, mundam, crufta abdudam argillacea arena tempe- rata ; urfi per gradus, ut tandem retorta, nudo igne impofito, canderet fere a luculento igne fuprapofito, in furno arense, per tres horas continuatas. EFFECt US. / Uncia, 8c drachmas femiffis, exiit Mercurij puri, revivificati, ex illo pulvere. In fundo retortas re- manfit pulveris fulgide rutili ad drachmas feptem cum femifie. Haefit quid in collo retortae, 6c in vafe vitreo ad collum retorta: applicato. Aliquid forte. ( 1 59 ) forte, igne tarn xnagno, 8c diuturno, diffipatum fuic, COROLLARIA. r i. Redit Mercurius de pulvere, in quem igne ver- lus fuerat. i. Revivificatus omnes priftinas proprietates re- cipir, acquifitas deponit. Ex pulvere Mercurius idem. 3. Fixitas acquifita non fert magnum ignem. 4. Tamen in illo pulvere una pars altera fixior : haec manet adhuc pulvis, ilia redit in Mercurium. V III. Examinare ultra pulverem luperftitem ab operati- one praccedenti. (VII.) OPERATIO. Drachmas feptem, & grana xxxvij, illius pulveris ex retorra puriffima,vitrea, lorica ex argilla& fabulo inveftita, commifi igni nudo, prudenter, per gradus audio ; donee tandem retortula, infra, & fupra, igne obruta canderet penitus. Sic ignitam detinui per horas quatuor. EFFECTUS. In excipulo Mercurius revivificatus de hoc pulvere puriflimus ad integras drachmas feptem. In fundo retorts ( 1 do ) retorts grana quindecim pulveris fufci, lubtilis, fixi in tanto, tamque diuturno igne. Erat macula lata, reuuifiima, coloris pulcberrimi rubri, fundo retorta: imprefla, atque in vitrum quafi fe penetrans. COROLLARIA. i. Mercurius folo igne vertitur in pulverem, jam ante defcriptum. (II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.) z. Pulvis hie folo igne, fed majore, vertitur in Mercurium. 3 . Ita ferpeas lemet momordit, moritur. 4. Rurium relurgit a morte gloriofior. 5". Tanto labore, tanto igne, tamdiu fuftentato, ex unciis xvij Mercurij tantum grana xv remanfere fixa, in vitro adeo fervente, ut fere funderetur. 6. Argentum, aurum, alia metalla, ex Mercurio qusfita hac arte, pro fumtu, &C labore, vix ulla. 7. Pulveris fixati lie ex Mercurio feptuagefima le- cunda pars tantum fixa manet hoc in igne, reliquae redeunt in Mercurium. 8. Grana xxij perdita. An dilperfa ? An id pon- dus, ab igne accretum Mercurio, majore igne mde rurium leparatur ? 9. Natura Mercurij conftans, fimplex, indiflimi- lia feparari nequit deftillando. Nec in fixum, & volatile. Nec in purum impurum. Nec in foe- cem, 8c defoecatum. Nec in elementa diverla. IX. Grana tredecirtt ptilveris hujus ultimi (VIII.) fixi, impofui catino, Crucibulo difto, igni impofui aperto, ante 4*- C 1*1 ) ante follem. Intendi vim ignis folle eo ufque, ut totum crucibulum penitus igniretur. Sic detinui per quadrantem horse. Pul vis manfit in fundo fixus, fed Spongise inftar tomefadhis, fufcus : Didici hinc fixitatem infignem fatis acquifitam huic pulveri per folum ignem. X. Turn pulveri huic, tam fixo, (IX.) addidi aliquid boracis, in crucibulo, urfi ignem folie. Fa&a fuit mafia una friabilis, vitrefcens, in magno hoc igne fixa. XL Duo granapulveris ejus, qui adeo fixus manferat (VIII.) ad pondus xv granorum, dedi Docimaftaj jurato, peritiffimo, Amftelaedamenfi, ut examinaret quam accuratiflime ad leges artis, cum plumbo. Manfit nihil omnino fixi fuperftes. Ergo in illo pul- vere nihil omnino auri, neque argenti. XII. Grana ilia tredecimfufa cum borace in mafiam vitrefcentem (X.) una cum borace, dedi Doci- maftae jurato, peritiffimo, Amftelsedamenfi : ut to- tam hanc maflulam fimul examinaret quam accu- ratiffime, juxta leges artis in plumbo. Manfit de tota mafifula nihil omnino fixi. Adeoque nihil auri, argenti nihil. Y G O ( ) COROLLARIA. i. Argentum vivum perftat in igne retinens natu- ram foam imtnutabilem. z. Simplex ; nec in diverfa feparabile per dcftilla- tionem. 3. Fixatur ab igne, & in forma externa videtu£ mutatum. 4. Sic apparens, in variis partibus, diverfos gra- dus fixitatis adquirit. 5% Tamen nulla harum partium fixitatem auri, ar- gentive, acquifivit ab igne tarn magno, &diuturno. 6. Caufa fixans ignis per vitrum tranfeuns, par- tem Mercurij fie mutans, five a£tione fimplici, five adunatione fui cum argento vivo. 7. Ignis ille, ita agens, per DXI deftillationes, fua vi, vel conjun&ione, nondum potuit vel mini- mum ejus particulam vertere inaurum, argentumve. 8. Sed ex Mercurio, fic per ignem fixaro, ignis major verum Mercurium reddit ; aut plumbinota vis facit a cupella evanefcere. 9. Non patet ergo, per haec experimenta, ex Mercurio, SC igne, fic confpirantibus, nafci ullum metallumnotum: grana ilia tredecimad ignem folli- iiiii non fluebant ; in plumbo nonftabantj cum Mercurio non folvebantur in Amalgama. jo. Ignis igitur, ex his experimentis, non demon- ftratur J?hilofophorum Sulphur fixans Mercurium in metalla. 11. Sed probabile videtur, Sophorum Sulphur proximum efie aliud quid. iz . Pars ( itf; > ii. Pars fixata non eft foex Mercurij ; nec ejus Sulphur crudum, foetens : redit in ilium. 13. Depuratio Mercurij a foece terreftri, &aquo- fo crudo, vix videtur fola deftillatione obtineri pofte tam facile : alia forte fecretiore opera obtinetur. 14. Aurum, vel argentum, ex Mercurio conficere, perignem, non procedit. Ignari, £C imaginatioui devoti, faciles promiflis, divites lpe. Mercurius hie manfit Mercurius. if. Tuti a fallacibus foriptis, & pnsfcriptis, So- phiftarum, qui ex Mercurio, & igne talia promit- tunt intra breve tempus, paucofve menfes : fane in- tra plures annos ne inchoamenti quidem primi vel minima indicia. XIII. Mercurius fob aqua ebullientc detentus, non ele* vatur a fundo vafis. . O P E R A T I O. Mercurij puri, bis deftiliati, drachmam infudi in ampullam vitream, urofcopicam, quam implevt aqua pluvia. Vas tunc impofoi igni nudo. Ebul- liit aqua valide per ocfto horas. Ita tamen, ut Tem- per adhuc afiquid aquas nataret fopra Mercurium. Ponderatus dein Mercurius dedit drachmam, ablque ulla jaefura. Rurfom drachmam Mercurij infudi in vas vitreum, purum, ficcum. Id accommodavi intra ahenum, ut non poftet vacillare. A'henum replevi aqua. Cu- ravij aqua ebulliret per o£to horas. Vas hoc erat Y i Cylin. / ( »<*4 ) Cylindricum, apertum, altum duos pollices, & di- inidium, Sc fic pofitum, ut aqua in id non poflet in- gredi. His ita a ft is, ponderabat Meccurius drach- ' mam, fine ulla jaftura. Mercurium purum indidi cucurbits vitrei j fu- per-afFudi aquam y impofito alambico, coxi diu ; ni- hil Mercurij adfcendit. Continuavi decoquere, donee omni aqua expulfa, Mercurius in fundo vafis ficcus, non tatnen tunc aufto igne. Mercurius ilico adfeen- dit ad iatera cucurbits, <5c in capitellum: ratio pa- tet ex iis, qus in inftitutionibus Chemicis feripfi, de aqua, 5c igne. XIV. Mercurius arte mutari poteft, ut adfeendat ex fun- do vafis calore aceti nondum ebullientis. O P E R A T I O. Ex plumbi felibra, Mercurij fefquilibra, faftarn maffara (amalgama) concuffi in vitro. Nafcebatur pul- vis nigerrimus. Hunc iramifi cucurbits vitres, xiv pollices alts, fuperaffudi acetum ftillatitium vini, ge- minata deftillatione puriffimum. Abftuli leni deftil- latione phlegma. Auxi dein ignetn parum. Sic ta- men, ut nullo modo ebulliret liquor. Adfcendit Mercurius in capitellum, una cum phlegmate, 5c in- de in excipulum. Idem aliis modis expertus fum.’ Res fpeculatione digna, Chemici! De qua jam plura non moneo. Artificio fatis fimili vidi argentum vi- vum adeo redditum volatile, ut elevaretur in furno meo digeftorio per calorem minorem, quam eft fani homi- ( ' Erat miftum metallo, & ficciffU mum. Sed laboriofiflima experiments, quae per annos inftjtui, tradando Mercurjum, 6c metalia, alio forte memorabo tempore, modo intelligam, talia baud dif- plicere Bonis. XV. Scripfit Geber, Mercurium purum auro ponderofi- orem. Dudum conatus fui difcere ancogi queat inden- fius, Scproinde ponderofius, quam a natura habetur? Incepi id molire per feparationem partis levioris, muta- biliorifque, a refiduo ponderofiori , nec potui. Con- tendebam poftea variis modis ilium defoecare : non fucceflit. Attamen quaedam reperi digna contempla- tione elegantis fpe&atoris. Licetne recitare ? hasc funt. Auri puriffimi inaffam duarum Unciarum ex- aminando hydroftatice in aqua pluvia, leni deftilla- tione defnecata, inveni habere pondus ad aquam, ut 19 500 ad 1. Mercurius venalis, femel deftillatus ex retorta, ad eandem aquam, ut 13 Too ad 1. Mercu- rius cum auro puriffimo fubadus, aliquot centenis vicibus inde deftillatus, erat ad aquam, ut 1 3 Too^d i* Mercurius fic traftatus cum argento puriflimo, erat ad aquam, ut 13 Too ad 1. Mercurius plumbo unitus* cum eo verfus in pulverem totus, inde igne magno refufcitatus, erat ad aquam ut 13 Too ad 1, Mercu- rius DXI vicibus deftillatus, erat ad aquam ut i4Tao ad 1. Fuerunt hx expenfiones ftaticae fa Qtx per in- ftruraenta irreprehenfa, prudentiffima follicitudinea Annos impendi : quo pararem Mercurium ad hoc propofitnm. Neque, quod fciaip, alius quis eo rs- fpexit^ (l66). fpexit. Plura inde, meditationi oportuna, ab ido- neis hac in materie judicibas erui poterunr. Pauca notare, raihi fas efto. COROLLARIA. i. Si Mercurius defoecatus levior fit : turn defoeca. tiffimus redditur per aurum, 5c plumbum. Arte Suchtenij, 5c Philalethae, manet idem. z. Si Mercurius defoecatus gravior fit : turn defce- catiflimus redditur per argentum, ratione aliorum me. tallorum. Sed omnium maxime deftillatione fimpli- ci, converfione in praecipitatum rubrum per fe, 6c refufcitatione inde fa£ta. 3. Poteft Mercurius reddi denfior per argentum Sc ignem. 4. Poteft Mercurius reddi denfior per ignem deftil- lando, quam maxime. An ergo haec via optima ad eum depurandum, Sc perficiendum ? f. An Mercurius deponit gravifllmam partem fui in auro > an haec depofita eft femen auri ? 6. An Mercurius deponit graviffimatn partem fui in plumbo ? an haec depofita eft femen auri > 7. An ignis, DXI vicibus coquens, figens, re- fufcitans, Mercurium, auget earn graviflimam par- tem ? Quoufque id poterit fieri ? An Mercurius, opere continuato, tandem pofiet denfari in pondus auri ? An turn effet aurum vivum, vel Mercurius Philofophorura ? Examinent judices idonei. Pauca quidem haec, neque tamen nata fine labore, 8C cautela, de purification argenti vivi fufficiant hoc tempore. Longe operofiora habeo de edu&ione ejuf- dem ( i<*7 ) decs" ex metallis ; de aftione ejus in metalla; de m eta 11 is ipfis ; qus in adverfaria redegi. Otium nac- tus forte evulgabo : ut raoniti parcant vano labori, <3c fumtibus. Valete ! ■ ■ * .. [' ' f. . ' f. j ' ; . " . . . • ' ; f ’ II. A Spirit Level to be fixed to a Quadrant for taking a Meridional Altitude at Sea, when the Horizon is not vifible. . % S. Secret. IN the AEta Erudit. Menfe Aug. 1684, Pag- 360, & feq. I find the Account of the Diifedion of a Male and Female Be aver by E. G. H. who midakes, in opening the Male, the Receptacles of the Caftor for the Uterus , and the two Glands below them for Dugs i ( *73 ) Dugs ; and as they found a Penis and f eft ides in the fame Animal, they were ready to conclude it to be an Hermophrodite : But on differing the Fe- male, they found a Uterus , with two Horns like that of Pitches, befides the Receptacles of the Ca- Jtor, which I fhould have thought fufficient to have fet our Anatomift to rights, as to the former Bea- ver's being an Hermophi odite. Johannes Francus, a German Phyfician, hath publifhed a Treatife called, Caftorologia explicates Cajioris animalis naturam & ufum Medico-che • mount % Augufi. Findel, 1685, dvo^ being a Com- mentary on a Treatife formerly wrote by one Johan . Marius , a Phyfician at Ulm. Marius, in Sed. VII, defcribes the Receptacles of the Cajtor, as being Bags near as big as a Goofe- Egg ; and that they have been wrongly called the Dejicles, being in Females as well as Males, but that they have no Communication with the Pudenda - His Commentator Francus recites the Opinions of fome modern Writers, who are ftill in the old Error as ancient as ALlian, who fays, that the Beaver bites out his own Fejlicles , when purfued by the Hunters, as if he were confcious thofe were the Parts his Perfecutors want, and feek his Life for. He cites Adam Zvoikerus as having this Notion, and likewife Job. Harderus and Job. Schapplerus ; nay, fome have thought fo abfurdly, as to imagine that the Beaver had four Dejticles : And he fays, that Gulielmus Rondeletius was the firft Perfon who diife&ed a Beaver with Accuracy fufficient to refute {he old Error ; fhewing that the Cajtor was not the Jejl teles, but peculiar Bags lying in the Groin. Marius ( »7 4 ) Manus , 6W?. IX, fays, that Beavers are found in the Ihr a, and the Danube, particularly in a fmall River near Leipheim , called the Biber. The Com- mentator faith this River hath its Name from the vaft Numbers which were formerly found there- abouts, Biber being German for a Beaver , but that now they are all deftroy’d, and none to be found in the Danube , except in Aujlria\ that there are a few in fome Rivers in Switzerland , in Poland, in Mufcovy , in the JVolga , in the Wejl-Indies, efpe- cially in Canada. The greateft Quantity of Cajlor , which is brought to England, comes from Maryland, New- England, and Hudfon's-Bay. In SeB. XI, Marius tells a Story of a peculiar Vertue in the Fur of t\\eBeaver, which he had from a Jew, who inform’d him, that by wearing on one’s Head a Cap made of the Fur of the Beaver, and by anointing the Head once a Month with Oil of Cajlor , and taking two or three Ounces of Cajlor in a Year, one’s Memory will be fo ftrengthen’d, as to be able to remember every thing one reads. Though this feems to be only a fuperftitious Fancy, yet I mention it, becaufe probably fuch a Notion might have at firft brought theUfe of the Flock of this Ani- mal into Requeft for making Hats. In the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, for the Year 1704, pag. 48, & feq. is an Extract of a Letter from M. Sarrajin, the King’s Phyfician in Canada, concerning the Anatomy of the Beaver, dated OB oh. 15, 1700, at Quebec. He fays, the largeft are three or four Feet long, and about a Foot or fifteen Inches broad in the Cheft, and in the Handles, that they commonly weigh about ( *75 ) about fifty Pounds ; that they ufualiy Jive to the Age of twenty Years j but Francus, ad Se£t. VIII, fays, they live thirty or forty Years, and that he heard of a tame one being kept feventy-eight Years : Per- haps the European may generally be longer liv’d than the American. Dr. Sarraftn fays farther, that a great Way North thefe Animals are very black, though there are fome white ones to be feen j thofe in Canada are commonly brown, but their Colour grows lighter, as they are found in more temperate Countries ; for they are yellow, and even almoft of a Straw-colour in. the Country ofth e-Ilinois and Cbao- vanons . Our Author then gives a very particular Ac-f count of the feveral Parts External and Internal of this Animal : He takes efpecial Notice of the Sto- mach, which, he fays, is above a Foot long, and about four Inches broad in the Part next to the Spleen ; that at about two Thirds of its Length, it is con- trafted to half its former Capacity for an Inch in Length ; that then it widens again to three Inches towards the Pylorus, which is raifed very high, is round, and drawn towards the Spleen by a Mem- brane which adheres to the Aifophagus by its other End. Tho’ this Dilatation feems to make a fecond Stomach, it only fervesto retain the Aliments a lon- ger time, efpecially the more folid, as the Wood, which only undergoes a flight Extraction, palling through with very little Alteration, whereas Herbs, Fruits and Roots are perfectly difl'olved. The Membranes of the Stomach are very thin, fo that this fecond Part will fcarce bear being diftended with Wind. In ( '7 but opens fo that the Blood can flow readily from the Liver towards the Heart , and not from the Heart back again to- * wards the Liver. This Author fays, that the Brain was but one Inch two thirds long, and one and* a half broad, which was very final! in Proportion to the Size of the Crea* ( 179 > Creature •, and flill more fo in Proportion to the Sagacity with which it is Paid he is endowed. Thefe are the moft remarkable Particulars I met with in reading over the above-mentioned Books. I fhall now add only fuch as they have pafs’d over, or what efpecially regard the Sex of this Femal cBeaver. This Creature was kept at the Honourable Sir Hans Sloane’ s, in his Garden, for about three Months. She was but about half grown, not being above zz Inches long from theNofeto the Root of the Tail ; the Tail 8 Inches long. She was very thick, paunch- bellied ; the Shape of the Head, and indeed of the whole Animal, except the Tail, and Hind-feet, very much refembled a great over-grown Water-Rat.. Her Food was Bread and Water; fome Willow- Boughs were given her, of which fhe eat but little ; but when fhe was loofe in the Garden, fhe feem'd to like the Vines much, having gnawn feveral of them as high as fhe could reach quite down to the Roots : She gnawed the Jeffamy likewife, but leaf! of all fome Holly Trees. I am told that in Carolina they particu- larly love the Sajfafras, and will cut down Trees of between z and 3 Feet Diameter. She was turned into a Fountain with fome live Flounders, but never offer'd to ftrike at them, as an Otter would have done. When lhe eat, fhe always fate on her hind Legs, and held the Bread in her Paws like a Squirrel. When fhe flept fhe commonly lay upon her Belly, with her Tail under her. In fwimming fhe held her Fore-feet clofe up under her Throat, and the Claws clofed, as when one brings the Ends of one's Thumb and of all the Fingers clofe together, never moving her Fore- feet ’till fhe came to the Side, and endeavour’d to get out, She fwamwith her Hind-feet only, which A a z had ( 180 ) had five Toes, and were webbed like thofe of a Goofe ; the Tail, which was fcaly, and in Form of the Blade of an Oar, ferved asa Rudder, with which (he fleer’d herfelf, efpecially when fhe fwam under Water, which (he would do for two or three Mi- nutes, and then come up to vent, fometimes railing her Noftrils only above Water: She fwam much fwifter than any Water-Fowl, moving under Water as fwift, I believe, as a Carp. The Hind-Legs being much longer than the Fore, made her walk but flowly, or rather waddle like a Duck when on dry Land j and if drove along faft, fhe could not run, but went by Jumps, flapping her Tail againft the Ground. Her Excrements were always black and extraordinary fetid ; her Urine turbid and whitilh, and very ftrong fcented. I never heard her make any Noife, except a little fort of a grunting, when driven fall and an- gred. She feemed very briflc, and thrived well with the above-mentioned Food, being turned into the Fountain to bath three or four times a Week ; but the Author of the Memoires de V Hijtoire des Ani- maux, above-cited, fays, that the Male Beaver they diifefted, had lived feveral Years at F erf allies with- out being permitted to go into theWater. Our Beaver had one Day Convulfion Fits, very like the Epilepfy in Men, from which (he recovered foon, and was very well after them, ’till at laft (he was kill’d by a Dog ; when fhe was fo torn, that we could fee no- thing Particular in the Heart , or in the Lungs. In the Abdomen the Liver and Kidnies were quite torn a-pieces. There were feveral Holes bit through the Stomach, out of one of which crawled a Worm about fix or feven Inches long, like a common Earth- Worm, ( >8j ) Worm, being probably of the fame Sort as thofe mentioned before by the Author of the Memoir es, &c. The Bowels in general feemed very much to refemble thofe of Dogs, except the Intejlinum Ctf- cum , which was of that prodigious Size as is above- mention’d. This Creature being a Female, we found the Ovaria and the Uterus divided into two Horns, in the fame Situation as in Bitches: The Bladder was contra&ed about the Size of a Walnut, very much wrinkled on the outfide ; it lay exactly over the Body of the Uterus ; the Meatus Urinarius ran upon the Vagina above two Inches in Length. Juft below the Os PubtSy on each Side of the Vagina , and above the Meatus Urinarius (fuppofing the Animal to lie on her Back, as when we opened her) we found a Pair of Bags in Form of Pears, about an Inch and three quarters long, and one Inch broad, diverging at their Bottoms, or broad Ends, but join’d almoft ciofe together at their Necks, or narrow Ends, which were Canals communicating with the adjoining Glands . The Membranes which form'd thefe Bags were very tough, full of Wrinkles and Furrows, and of a livid dirty Colour j they were hollow, and able to contain about an Ounce of Water. Upon opening one of them, we found a fmall Quantity of a dark brown Liquor like Tar, of the Confiftence of a thick Syrup* which fmelt exactly like CajGr^ and had a Sort of Pungency like Spirit of Hari’s-horn, which the dried Cajlor doth not retain . It is very probable that the Youth of our Animal was the Reafon why thefe Bags were not full ; and that the Cajlor itfelf was not of that foft refinous Confiftence as mentioned by Dr, S'arrazwy Joe . fit at. Thefe muft be the Bags mifta*. ( tBi ) miftaken in the Aft. Eruditor. for the Uterus. About one Inch lower were fituated a Pair of Glan- dular Bodies, one on each Side the F agin a, about an Inch and a half in Length, and half an Inch in Breadth : They were of an oblong irregular Shape, of a pale Flelh-colour, like the Pancreas , or other Glands , and having feveral Protuberances outward- ly. Thefe Glands feem to communicate with the above-Jefcribed Bags, the Canals coming down from them being implanted into the Glands, and both the Bag and Gland on each Side hath but one Orifice, which is black, befet with long black Hairs, and opens into the lower Part of the Rima , or great Fijj'ure , into which likewife open the Fagina and the Anus, From the StruXure of thefe Glands, and their Con- nexion with the Bags, I conclude, that the Cajlor is fecreted in thefe Glands, where it is fluid like Oil, light-colour’d, and hardly having " any Smell ; that it runs down into the Bags, which ferve as Re- ceptacles to colleX a large Quantity together for the Ufe of the Beaver, and that in thefe Receptacles it lofes its thinner Parts, becomes more infpiflate, of an higher Colour, and of a ftronger Scent, much in the fame manner as the Gall in the Gall-Bladder, which there becomes fo different from what it was in the Liver. It is certain that Ducks, Geefe, and all forts of Water-Fowl, have a Gland in their Rump, from which they exprefs with their Bill an oily Mat-V ter, and with it anoint or drefs their Feathers, to prevent their being foak’d by the Water in which they fwim ; and the Glands of that large Sort of Duck commonly called the Mufcovy- Duck, or more pro- ( i8j ) properly the Musk-Duck, afford fuch an Oil, as fweet-fcented as Civet : I therefore think it proba- ble, as the Beaver is an Animal, which frequents the Water as mfuch as thofe Water-Fowls, that the Caflor is a Subftance provided by Nature for him to greefe and anoint his Fur with, to prevent the Water from foaking quite to his Ski n: and as the Cafior is im- pregnated with penetrating pungent Particles, it may likewife contribute ^to keep off the Cold and Chill which the Water might otherwife ftrike to his Body, . by remaining a long time in it. As none of the Authors I have met with have gi- ven any Delineation of the Parts of Generation, or of the Receptacles of the Caflor in a Female Beaver, I have drawn them after Nature, as they are repje- fented in the Figure. Vide Fig. A. The two Ureters. B B. The Ovaria. C. The Uterus lying under the Bladder. D. The Bladder, contra fted and empty of Urine. E. The Meatus Urinarius , above two Inches long. F F. The Receptacles , containing the Cajior. GG. The two Glandules , which open by one com- mon Orifice, with the Receptacles, at H H. The Orifices of the CaJor-DuQs. I. The Vagina cut off. K. The Anus. L. Part of the fail. IV. Acris ( >84) IV. Aeris Terratque Phyfica Hiftoria, Anni Biff. 1732. a Nicolao Cyrillo in Univerji- tate Neapolit. Trimar, Med. Profejf. isr % S. S. I. T)LUVIA copiofior Menfe Januario & Decem- Jl bri cecidit : illo enim adMenfuras 131, hoc ad m afcendit : Menfe quoque O&obri ad 108, numerate font. Menfe verb Martio & Maio parcif- feme pluit. Ita ut comparatis inter fe Anni tempe- ftatibus Hyems & Autumnus magis pluviae ; Ver at- que Aiftas ad ferenitatem vergentes, fed maxime Ver. Id quidem noftris regionibus familiare, atque Aeris temperiei, xftivo ficcoque Anni tempori ma- gis confonum. Ut mirum videri poflit, quod in Coelo Parifienfi maxima Pluvias copia Menfibus de- cidat Julio, Augufto, 6c Septembri : quod a Cl. de la Hire conftantifiime eft animadverfom. Fortafle quia is eft illius Regionis (qux i Septemtrione 6C Occidente Oceanum habet) fitus, Aerilque indoles, ut ined asftivo tempore frequentiores fint Tempefta- tes illas, qux cum copiofis imbribus copulantur ; Nos vero, quos Mare Tyrrhenum ad Auftrum & Occidentem alluit, atque Apennini ad Septentrionem & Orientem pofiti cingunt, rariores pluvias illas Tempeftates experiamur. Elevatis enim fervido iEftatis Sole copiofioribus e Mari vaporibus, pore- runt qui ab Oceano furgunt, & copiofiflimi verfos terram feruntur, ia Boreis, ac fere planis Gallic re- gionibus 1 ( ^ ) gionibus copiofiores & frequentiores pluvias tunc temporis create. In noftris veto oris minus copiofi exurgentes e Tyrrheno Mari vapores, 'minorem aefti- va tempeflate pluvias materiam fubminiftrabuat : praefertim quum & illis versus Terramdelatis Mon- tes Apennini, & Venti e mediterraneis Regionibus eo tempore ex oppofito reflantes faciii negotio obfi- ftant. Exhac mutua Ventorum e mari atque terri in fe invicem contranitentium pugna Tempeftates xftivx apud nos accidere folent, Tropee lingua ver- nacular appellate, quae Fulguribus, Tonitruis & Fulminibus notabiles potius funt, qu m Pluviae copia. II. Nix, quae circa finem Anni 1731/ Montes, SC quidem alta occupaverat, Januario, Februario Sc Martio, i73x, in iifdem fer& Temper confervata fult, nova Tupra veterem affiduo cadente. Vefhvium ip- fum faepe nive contextual obfervavimus : in Urbe verb SC Suburbano agro haud unquam terras adh^fit. Gelu fobs 29, 30 SC 31, elapfi Anni diebus concre- vit : prima die mediocre, fecund^ altius, tertia te- nuius poll meridiem folutum : Thermometri Haukf- beiani liquore ad gr. 57^ Tubfidente, ac primis du- obus diebus a’ere omninb quiefcente, tertia verb flante N. W. Extremo vero Novembri, Sc primis Decembris diebus hujus Anni Gelu in Urbe concre- tum primo craflum deinde tenuius, ut in Diario. Grando 23 Februar. in fuburbanis locis: 4 Martij etiam in Urbe : 4 & pod xo Aprilis in montibus ob- fervata. At 14 Sept. Foggiae cum maximo turbine maxima cecidit Grando & animalia Sc homines in * aperto coda agentes non leviter feriens. B b IIE Ven. ( i8<* ) III. Ventorum varia vis,& ij farpefibi ipfis opoofiri, Hyeme ut plurimum Occidentales, nunc ad meridi- em, nunc ad feptemtrionem vergentes viguerunt : quod nobis Mare ad earn plagam habentibus familia- rillimum efte folet. Boreales verb rarius fpiravere : primi tamen & fecunda Januarij fortiftimus N. E. Aerem primo repurgavir, deinde aliquantulum re- mittens, atque in N. W. mutatus Nive montes con- iperfit. Hoc loco opportunum reputavi in Machinulam ad Ventorum vim metiendam, N° 24. Tranfa&ionum Philofophicarum Regiae Societatis defcriptam anim- advertere : earn fcilicet ad talem ufum incertam imo falfam exiftimari debere. Bradlex, vel Sagittx ver- fatili, qua in celfis Turribus appofita utimur pro Ventorum Indice, mobilis Pinnula tranfverfa ap- pcnditur, ac Circuli Quadrans in gradus divifus ap- ponitur. Cum Ventus nullus eft, Pinnula haec omni- no ad perpendiculum pendet : flante verb Vento elevatur, ac pro vario Venn impetu, vel parum, vel magis alte afturgens, virium gradus in Quadrante defignat. Id falfum efte ex eo liquet: nam minimi vi Venti Pinnula e fitu perpendiculari ad decern & plures gradus afturgere facile pc n vationis Pinnulae difficultas : ita ut ft in prima Pin- nule elevatione ad percurrendos decern Quadrantis gradus fufficiant duo Venti virium gradus; ad alios decern Quadrantis gradus acquirendos vix pares erunt quatuor gradus virium Venti : atque adeo ut Pinnu- la ad gradum e. g. trigefimum Quadrantis perveni- at, haud fufficient Venti vires ad iextum & ocftavum gradual adautftas, Unde patet, haud p©fte nos h^c tern a perpendiculari recedir, Machina ( iB/ ) Machina Ventorum vim exa&e metiri : hand enim hx increfcentes proportions refpondebunt gradibus in Quadrante defignatis. Satius igirur erit ad Ventorum vimutcumque di- metiendam ea methodo uti, quam proponit Cl. Jm rinus N° 379, earundem Tranfadtionum, quaque nos in noftris Obfervationibus ufi fumus. Ea eft uc ad Arborum motum recurramus, quo diligenter in- fpedto per aliquem ex quatuor numeris 1, i, 3, 4, in Diarij Meteorologici Forma notandis, Ventorum vires, feu gradus determinentur : hac lege, ut lenif- fimum Aeris motum, adeoque minimam Venti vim earn dicamus, qua vix Arborum folia agitentur, quamque numero 1 exponendam Jurinus jubet : fumma ergo Venti violentia, hoc eft quartus illius virium gradus, numero 4 fignandus erit, cum illius impetus maxime adversus eafdem Arbores, fortafse ad illarum eradicationem, furit : atque adeo inter- medias vires numeris 2 &C 3 exponendas monet : de- mum perfedtam malaciam, hoc eft nullam fenfibi- lem Aeris 6C Arborum agitationem o, feu zero ftg- nandam efle concludit. IV. Mercurius in meo Barometro lemel die 20 Maij ad dig. Lond. 28, 82. defcendit, qnx fuit maxima eo anno depre/Tio : fortilfimus Aufter ea die ipirabat : & quamquam Thermometri liquor non parum a fua maxima rarefactione diftaret ; calor ta- men fuffocanS homines torquebat. Maxima contra in Barometro Mercurij altitudo, nempe dig. 29. 38. obfervata eft die ioDecembris, flante duobus viri- um gradibus E, aere ficco frigidoque, & fumante cum impetu V efuvio. Caeterum toto eo Menfe Mer- B b 2 curij / ( '88 ) curij altitudo conftantifiime major notata eft, quim reliquis Anni Menfibus : at 20, 21, 2} Novembris, ut & 16 & 17 Decembris ad dig. 29, 30, pervenit. Notandum mediam mei Barometri altitudinem efle dig. 29. 4, Hae funt Barometri Obfervationes. Reticendum tamen non eft, quod etfi Mercurij in illo aicenfus Aeris ferenitatem St Boreales Ventos, quemadmo- dum contra illius defcenfus imminentem Pluviam, & Ventos Auftrales comitari foleat j nihilo tamen minus non raro prorfus oppofitum obfervatum eft, ut Mercurius fubfidere fereno coelo, afturgere vapo- ribus referto acre fit vifus. Ut inde fortafie colli* gere quis poftit ad varium Mercurij in Barometro mo turn, non tam Aeris externi pondus varium, quam ipfius Mercurij alterationes & mutationes quafdam concurrere pofle. V. Thermometrum ab Hauksbeio conftrudhim haec exhibuit phenomena. Calor hoc Anno maxi- mus obfervatus eft a 9 Julij ufque ad primos Au- gufti dies. Die 23 &24 Julij, ut SC 17 ejufdem ad fummum gradum Calor devenit: hoc eft devidto Frigore ad gr. 4. liquore fcilicet ad num. 4. afcen- dente. Afcenfus hie etiam antecedentibus annis ac- cidere confuevit : verum quod noftro Anno peculi- are fuit & infolens, ut iEftus maximus per viginti- duos dies, noftuque diuque femper fere arqualispe- rennaret: liquore Thermometri circa numeros 5*, <5, 7, & 8 fe continents : fi tamen 16 Julij excipias, qua flantibus per vices S & NNW. cum tonitruis, pluit per intervalla ad digiti fere altitudinem, quo tem- ( i8$> ) tempore Thermometri liquor a gr. 8 ad 10 repente defcendit. Frigus maximum exeunte Anno precedente, at- que ineunte fequente obfervatum, defcendente Ji- quore Thermometri ad gr. 56 & 57, quo tempore vel Nix in montibus videbatur, vel Gelu in Urbe concrefcebat. Menfe item Decembri, cum Gla- cies vifa, liquor Thermometri ad gr. 57 <3c $6 depreftus eft. Quo loco notandum duco, in Ta- bella ad Thermometrum Hanksbeianum appofid, notari lignum Gelu (quod Frojt Anglice appellatur) gradu 65V Mihi tamen plurium annorum obfer- vatione compertum eft, Glaciem fadam efte liquore ejufdem Thermometri, ad me ifthinc mifti, tantum ad gr. 55 defcendente*. Unde negari minime poteft, ad Glaciei concretionem minorr Frigoris gradu hfc Neapoli opus efte, quam Londini. Quod pheno- menon jufte Diflertationis materiam fubminiftrabit, quam, Deo dante, exarabo, poftquam & nonnullaad rem facientia collegero, atque accuratiora experi* menra inftituero. VL Pauca nunc dicamus de noftro Vefuvio. Hie fane per totum fere annum filuit : verum eo exe- unte, poft 9 Decembris, fumum interdiu, & qui- dem cum impetu, emittere coepit, nodu aliquoties flamraam : 20 verb ejufdem crevit maxime &C fumus & flamma. Hinc fequentibus diebus fragor internus &ftrepitus velutftormentorum exploforum ad multa miiliaria exauditus, ut lignese feneftre, 6C illarum vitra contremifcerent. E montis cratere lapides igniti quoque in altum propulfi, qui deinde delapfi,ac cacuminis clivo adhserentes, & noftreUrbi, & 7 VideTnnM, N° 424« ( Ipo ) 8c remotioribus quoque locis non inelegans, etfi horrendum, fpedtaculum exhibebant. Cineres pro Ventorum determinatione & vi, per circumftantes regiones, nunc procul, nunc prope difpergebantur. A 17 & 28 Decembris die Fumus crafliflimus haud alte fe attollens crafTo Cinere, quo fcatebat, vicini- ora loca confperfit. Port 19 diem Fumus fenfim im- minutus, & fragor: tandem poll 4 fequentis Janu- ary omnia omnino evanuerunt. Nunciatum infuper eft, jEtnam eodem tempore 8c fumum&ignem ingentem cum fragoribus evomuifle . quemadmodum & Strongylum ignivomum montem, infblito ftrepitu intonuifte, & immani flamrni con- flag raffe : ita ut Calabria; Occidcntalem oram inco- lentibus Infold creber mugitus, atque erumpentes per vices cum ftrepitu flamma?, Navalium claffium ad- verfus fe invicem tormentorum explofione depug- nantium, comparari potuifTe vifte fuerint. VII. Annus hie quemadmodum fruges, fegetef- que (ft Indicum frumentum, Maiz, excipias) infra mediocritatem potulit ; fie Frudtuum omnis generis ubertatem, Vinumque & abundantius & dulcius, quam antecedenti anno prxftitit. Reftaret fane ut Hiftoriam Terraemotus, qui 18 Novembris die noftram Urbem, fed multo magis Principals Ulterioris Provinciam immaniter vexa- vit, hie fubnederemus. Verum quum adbuc veris accuratifque Obfervationibus caremus ; ab eo ne- gotio fuperfedendum nunc temporis duximus, donee certioribus faeftis inftrudti exabtam illius Hiftoriam concinnare valeamus. V. An 7 ( »p» ) V. An Account of a Book^ intituled, Jo. Ph. Breynij, M. D. &c. Diflertatio Phyfica de Toyhhalamiis, nova Teftaceorum clafle, See. Gedani, 1732, 4^, or a Thyjical Differ - tation of a new Ciaft of Shells, which he files Bolythalamiums , . I. A LONDON: Printed for W. iNNYsand R.Manby, Printers to the Royal Society, at the Weft-End of St. Raul's. MDCCXXXIV^ ( »5>P ) I. A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants, from Cbel/ea Garden , prefented to the poyal So- ciety by the Company of Apothecaries, for the Year 17515 purfuant to the Direction of Sir Hans Sloane , Bart, Med. Reg. PraeC Col, Reg. Med. 6c Soc. Reg. by ifaac %and, Apothecary, F. % S, 5 01 A Lkekengi Americanum^ foliis finuatis* hirfutum. a D. Houfton. 5-ox Antirrhinum anguftifolium, ma* jus, peregrinutn ; rubcrrimo flore. H. Reg. Par. 503. Antirrhinum arvenfe, majusjtalicum 5 raajo're flore ex albo purpurafcente. 504. Aparines folio anomala; vafculo feminali ro- tundo, multa Semina minutiflima continente, Sloane,. Cat. lam. p. 50. Hift. Tab. 7. f. 4. jof. Apocynum Americanum ; Euonymi folio ; flore ex albo virente. a D. Houfton. 506 Afterifcus annuus,Lufitanicus,odoratus.Boerh. Ind. Alt. ioj. J07. Aftragalus humilis; Ornithopodij foliis, villofis* filiquis propendentibus, brevibus, in fpicam congeftis. 508. Betonica Calpenfis ^ longiore folio, an, Beto~ nica rubicundij/imo jlore^Mont'ts aureu H. Reg. Par ? 509. Betonica major, Danica. Park Theat. 615. yio. Betonica purpurea. C. B. 231. f 11. Bidens Americana, graminifolia & ramo- fiflima. Hier actum , fruticofum anguftijfimis gra^ D d mineis ( *°0 ) mine is foliis ; capitulis parvis. Sloane Hifi. Vol. I. 255. Tab. 149. f. 3. 912. Bidens Americana, trifolia & quinquefolia ; flore albo, amplo, radiato. an Bidens trifolia Ame- ricana: Lencanthemi flore. T. Inft.462? 513. Cardamine annua, glabra; parvo flore, foliis vix finuatis. yiy. Cardamine Sicula ; foliisFumariasT.Inft. 224. 5,15. Caffiaherbacea j Pfeudoacaciaj foliis. a D. Col- linfon. Caflia Marilandica ; pinn'ts foliorum ob- longis ; calyce floris reflexo Martyn. Hift. Plant, rar. Dec. III. No. I. 5 16. Chamaemelum trimeftre, nudum; capitulis minimis. 5- 1 7. Chryfanthemoides ofteofpermon, Africanum, arboreum ; foliis Populi albae. Boerh.Ind. alt. 104. yifl. Cnicus Creticus; Atracly lidis folio <5c facie; flore candidifiimo. T. Cor. 5:19. Corchoro affinis, Chamaedryos folio; flore ftamineo} feminibus atris quadrangulis, duplici ferie difpofitis. Sloane Catal. lam. p. 50. Hid. Tab. 94. f. 1. yxo. Doria ^ qua; Jacobea Africans, frutefcens 3. Lavendula; folio, latiori. H. Amft. 2. 141. * 921. Eupatoriophalacron Americanum ; Hyperici foliis; femine adunco. a D. Houfton. 522. Frutex Yirginianus,trifolius Ulmi Samaris.. D. Banifter Pluk. Almag. 199. 523. Fumaria African!, veficaria fcandens. Par. Bal. App. Cyflicapnos Africana, fcandens. Boerh . Ind. 310. 524. Hedyfarura triphyllum Canadenfe. Cor- 52 j. Hieracium { 2°» ) Hieracium medio nigrum, Bsticum, minus. Park. Theat. 792. 52 6. Hieracium medio nigrum, Baeticum, latifo- lium 3 amplo flore. 5-17. Jacobaea afra ; folio Botryos. Boerh. Ind. alt. 99, 9i8. Jacobasa Pannonica prima. Cluf. Hift. xr. Senecio incams pinguis C. B. 131. 529. Ketmia Afra, veficaria 3 foliis profundius in- cifis, vix crenatis. Boer. Ind. 272. 530. Ketmia veficaria, Africana. T. Inft. rot. 5"3 1- Ketmia veficaria, vulgaris. T. Inft. 101. $■32. Lepidium humile incanum arvenfe T. Inft. a 16. Jrabis five Draba & Nafiurtium Babylo « nicum Lob. Ic. 224. 5'33. Limonium, lignofum, Gallis viduum. Boe- con. Rar. 3J. 53 4, Lotus Lybica Dalechampij. Lug. 909. 9 3 9. Lotus minor glabra ; foliis longioribus 5c anguftioribus. Hort. Edin. S3 6. Lotus pratenfis, major, glabra. D. Vaillant, Bot. Par. 937. Lyfimachia Canadenfis, lutea 3 folio Ja- lappas. D. Sarrazen. 538. Melifta Americana, graveolens. a Domino Houfton. 53 9. Milleria Parietarias folio j capitulis conge- ftis, planis. D. Houfton. 540. Milleria Scrophulariae amplo folio; floribus laxe fpicatis. D. Houfton, 941. Nigella Orientals 3 Flore flavefcente; Se- mine alato, piano. T. Cor. 19. D d x J4z. Nigellaj t 1 ( 202 ) Nigella^ flore minore, fimplici candido. C. B. 145. £43 . Nigella anguftifolia ; flore majore/ fimpiici, coeruleo. C. B. i4£. 544. Pulmonaria • calice veflcario. £45'. Sherardia nodiflora 5 Staechaflosferratas foliis. D. Vaillant. £46. Sherardia repens, nodiftora> fubrotundo folio. D. Houfton. X47. Sherardia fpicata, annua 3 flore coeruleo 5 foliis anguftis Sc ferratis. D. Houfton. £48. Sinapiftrutn Americanum fpinofum ; flore carneo; foliis trifidis&quinquifidis. D. Houfton. £49. Spergula, quas Alfine fexatilis Sc Multifiora ; eapillaceo folio. T. Inft. Z43. £50. Volubilis Americana, Bryonia folio j hirfu- tia Lappacea obfita. a D. Houfton. Gronovia fcandens ; Lappacea , pawptma fronde Houfton. Martyn. Hyft. Plant, rar. Dec. IV. N° 8. II. DE CAMPHORA THYMI. More Cafparo Neumanno , A/. D. Cherniy Trofejf. tBerolim Zsr 5. 5. Sectio I. ANTE aliquot annos Illuftri Regias Magnae Britannia Scientiarum Societati Obfervationem quandatn, * qux fingularis mihi vifa fait atque in de- ftillatione Sc. feparatione Olei eiientialis Thy mi ex improvifo accidit, dum nempe in hoc, abfque omni additione deftillato, Oleo corpus folidum, ficcum, cryftallinum, album Sc pellucidum apparuir, cointnu- nicavi: ubi inter cetera adduxi, quod fubftantiam hanc, * Vide Tranfaft. N°. 389. ( ) hanc, prout externo afpeftu 6c mixtione ipfiuscon- fpiceretur, pro nulla re alia, quam pro Specie qua- dam Camphor# dijudicare poflim ; quoniam, meo certe judicio, ad nulla alia in terris alioquin exiften- tia mixta (in quantum Chymici hucufque tarn natu- rales quam artiticiales materias notarunt, diftinxerunt 6c fecundum primarias fuas qualitates denpminarunt) e contrario omnium commodiflime 6c rationi maxime convenienter ad illud mix turn, ab antiquis jam temporibus Gamphora appellatum, fubordinari queat; hanc Obfervationem porro cum neceffariis, quas ju- dicabam,circumftantiis animadverfionibufque extendi : de reliquo verb ampliori indagationi atque judicio uniufcujufque commifi, ut tarn me ipfum, quam alios circa hanc materiam curiolbs ulterius informarent. Placuit quoque Secretario celeberrim# antedid# Socie- tatis eummihi honoremdeferre,6c hancObfervationem Anno 172 5.. ipforum pro menfe Julio 6c Augufto fub ^389. publ'ice editis Tranfiidionibus Philoldphicis inferrere, pro quo honore publicab jam habeo atque perfolvogratias. Cum vero ex alia in fubfequenti mox numero, 390. pro Menfe Septembri6cOdobri ejufdem anni proftante, Obfervatione de Camphora, a D. Job. Brown, exercitato Chymico (quern j im Collegam meum honoratifilmum in prasdida Regia Societate ap* pellare mihi gratulor) tradira perfpexi, ilium a meo judicio de dido produdo Thymi ac nomine ipfi aflig- nato plane dilTentire 6c pene in omnibus partibus aliam, primaiioque illuc tendentem, fovere opinio- nem, quod hoc ex oleo deffiliato Thy mi emergens corpus ficcum, a me pro Specie quadam Camphors venditatum, proindeque nomine Camphors Thymi infignitum, nulla fit Gamphora, minimeque ejufmodi nomen mereatur,- propterea pace vedra (quoniam, ( ) juxta tritum Iliad fermone proverbium, qullibet ver- borum fuorum optimus eft interpres) mentem meam circa hsec, quae ibi a me fcripta funt, fequenttbus ulterius exphcare mihi liceat, cum poftea perinde mihi fuerit,an produdum queftionis a tertio nulli parti addido, five mecum pro Camphora, five etiam cum Domino Brown pro Oleo habeatur. Sect. II. tJt rem brevibus compledar, modo didus D. Brown i. Produdum hoc Thymi non efle Camphoram, inquit, fed Oleum Thymi coagulatum feu conden- fatum. %, Circa hanc contradidionem nititur fundamento Experimentorum quorundam, in quibus vulgaris, Indica & officinalis Camphora aliter fe habeat, quam ea a me nominata Camphora Thymi, adeoque hoc produdum non efle Camphoram. Jam equidem juftam D. Brown intentionem, St in Chymia laudabilem profedo confuetudinem ; qua nempe non omnibus, quae ab aliis dida aut literis mandata funt, ftatim applaudendum eft, non folum debitis effero laudibus, led etiam affirmo, me con- tra ifta ab eo adduda Experimenta, diftindionem indigitantia, nihil habere quod regeram ; interea hrec a caufa principali me nondum deducunt neque in earn fententiam convertunt, ac fi ift# a D. Brown obfervatae differentiae inter Camphoram communem - & Camphoram Thymi jam fatis fufficientes efient, ut me convincerent, quod Produdum hoc Thymi propterea non fit jCamphora. Sect (:**? ) S E C T. III. Dixi nempe in antedi&a mea Obfervatione primo in genere, acquifiviffc me ex noftrati Thymo vulgari veram, denfam, cryftalliformem & in omni- bus qualitatibus couipirantcm, nec nifi odore diffe- rentem Camphoram, &c. In fpecie vero porro ad- duxi. I. Qu6 mod6 Camphoram hanc acquifiverim. II. Qui de caus&Subftantiam illam pro Camphora habeam. III. Ex quibus partibus Camphora confiftat. IV. Et denique, quod hanc Camphoram Thymi in omnibus qualitatibus pracipuis, odore excepto, cum Camphora vulgari convenientem exiftimem. Sect* IV. Ad haec D. Brown, Praeparatum vel Produdhim hocce exiftere quidem fatetur, dicens, tale quip- piam jam autea ibi vifum fuifle, id quod non equi- dem impugno, quamvis toto ifto quinquennio, in Anglia olim degens, nunquam illud audiverim, multb minus oculis meis creverim; fic etiarn concedit.ex- ternam formam, nomen tantummodo huic produdto deditum, vel quod Camphora fit, in dubium vocat & impugnat. Atque fic porro in aliis quibuldanra rebus a me difientit. Sect. V. Quod vero hoc Praeparatum Thymi nulli alij res quam Camphora accenfere potuerim, fequentes me impulerunt rationes I Ex ( 206 ) I. Ex Oleo eflentiali ortum eft. II. Plane album, tranfparens ; pellucidum, cry- ftallinum, ficcum & durum, friabile tamen, denique & fortiter olens corpus, exiftit. HI. Nullo modo folutionem in aqua admittit. IV. Contra facile in SpirituVini redtificatiffimo & Spiritu Nitri folvitur. V. Demonftrabiles partes conftitutivx hujus Pro- dudti Thymi exdem funt, quae in communi Cam- phora, quamvis (a) Ratione odoris fpecifici, (b) Ratione proportionis partium conftituen- tium, & (c) Ratione quoque loci natalis vel Climatis, no- tabilis occurrat differentia, & exinde etiam varix fubtiles difcrepantise circa commixtiones ac relati- ones cum aliis rebus oriri poffint. VI. Denique etiam Mixtum ita conftitutum nullo meliore vel convenientiore, ex omnibus hucufque notis naturalibus & artificialibus fpeciebus, circa quas Chymia verfatur, quam Camphorx nomine in- fignire potui, fiquidem hxc fubftantia nec Sal vola- tile nec Sal fixum, nec Terra, nec Lapis, nec Succus condenfatus, nec Bitumen, nec Gummi, nec Refina, nec Sulphur, nec Flores, non Prxcipitatum nec Subli- matum, non Pix nec Cera, non Phofphorus nec Vitrum, non Glacies nec Glarea eft, aut appellari poteft. Multo minus huic duro, ficco & cryftallino corpori nomen rei molliter undtuofe, omnium mi- nime rei tenuiffime pinguedinofe vel oleofe aut hu- mido-liquida^ imponere poteram, dum neque Balfa- mum neque Linimentum, neque Coagulum neque Butyrum, neque Oleum neque Pinguedo, neque Spiritus ( 207 ) Spiritus neque Aqua, Lacryma, Vinum, Liquor, Acetum vei aliud tale quippiam exiftit. Et fie - in hunc ufque diem nihil melius & convenientius quam Camphoram excogitare vel ullo modo inve- nire poffum, quo cum majori & rediore jure comparari vel quo alio praeftantiore nomine expri- mi queat. Sect. VI. Horum refpedu propter defcriptas jam Pro- prietates, hafce ex Oleo deftillato acquifitas, ele- gantes, a!ba% ficcas, pellucidas, folidas, friabiles tamen infimulque fragrantesSCin aqua non folubiies, contra in Spiritu Vini redificatiffimo & Spiritu Nitri folubiies Cryftallos, Camphoram, & pro dif- crimine communis aliarumque fpecierum Campho- rae, Camphoram Thy mi appellare commotus fum, fimulque affirmavi, earn in omnibus his addudis proprietatibus cum Camphora Indica officinali con- venire, quamvis omnium & fingularum particular rium affedationum, affinitatum, effeduum, diftindi- onum fubdivifionumque minorum nullam turn tern- poris habuerim rationem, prsecipue cum non adeb magnam ejus portionem acquifiveram, qua invefti- gationes ad ejufmodi ,experimenta requifitas infti- tuere potuiffem, ut taceam, quod in genere, uti poftea majori experientia edodus fum, Vegetabilia Europsea parum tantum hujufmodi Camphoriformis fubftantiae fuppeditcnt, ea autem puto, quae a na~ tura dilpofita funt, ut ejufmodi quippiam largian- tur. Quis verb, iftas turn a me addudas & jam brevibus repetitas proprietates praecell'entes Pro- £ e dudi ( 208 ) dudi noftri Thymi cum communi Camphora non convenire, probare poterit > Vel quo magis con- venienti & compatibili quam Camphorae nomine mixtum hoc, ut uno verbo mixtionem ejus optimo proprioque charadere indicarem & fimul illud ab omnibus aliis in mundo cognitis mixtis perfpicue diftinguerem, infignire aut denotare potuiffem. Sect. VII. Namut tales albas, pellucidas, divifas, fatis mag- nas, ficcas, folidas, & fi concutiantur, fbnantes Cryftallos Oleum appellem vel pro Oleo venditem, ficut faepe dido D. Brown eas nuncupare libuit, hoc neque hoiioratiftimus hie Collega mens, neque ali- us quilquam tarn facile perfuadere mihi poterit, Et quamvis^ exiftimet, fe Praeparatum hoc cogno- mine coagulati feu Gondenfati praemunire pofte, afterens : Oleum condenfatum & coagulatum efie, nihil tamen ea omnia ad fummam rei faciunt, dum fcilicet fie nominata Olea in alio plane ftatu appa- rent & in Chymia prorfus alia efte reperiuntur, de quibus mentem meam ulterius jam explicaturus fum. Sect. VIII. D. Brown prima, has Cryftallos Thymi, qnas Camphoram appellavi & adhuc appello, Oleum efte aflerit • quod autem hac in re huic alias egregio Viro aflentiri non poffim, fequentes notabiles fane & aperte difFerentes interdicunt circumftantiae : Cryftalii ( 209 ) Cry ftalli hx atta&u fane ficcac*. adeoque non mol- Jes, vel undtuofie aut pingues, fed plane cryftallinae &divife, quee folx proprietates pro repudiatione no- minis Oiei fufficientes efTenr, fiquidem Nature Olei e diametro oppofitas fant & nomen Olei ficco St cryftallino tali mixto nunquam, iino de jure, nulii alij rei, quam plane liquids, pingui yelad fummum butyraceo-undtuofa: convenir. Sect. IX, Secundo probationem hujus Charadferis fulcire nititur expreftione adjectiva vel verbo Coagulatum, dicens : Eft Oleum coagulatum. Cui verb porro amice regerere mihi liceat, quod & hie epitheton illud non fatis fit fufficiens : i. Quia inuniverla Chymia nomen, Coagulatum, nunquam ejufmodi rei attribui poteft nec debet, qux plane ficca & ftmui cryftallina adeoque nec pinguis-uneftuofa nec humido'aquea eft ; e con- trario. 'l. Tantum 8c unice iftiufmodi rebus ac circum- ftantiis attribuendum vel addendum eft, in quibus * five fubito five pedetentim, five ex pluribus aur pati- cionbus humiditatibus vel tenuiter liquida pingue- dine, five etiam per fe five per additionem ake~ rius rei5 aliquid quafi prsecipitando fefe colligir, atque confiftentiam, inftar ladtis coagulati vel Offx albx Helmontij, vel Roob, vel Bury it & IJnguemi vel refinoib-vifeofi aftumit, Frodudhim poftea fit five falinum, terreftre, pingue, refinofum vel prout velit. Quamdiu nomen Coagnlum vel Coagula- tum ipfi attribuitur} tarn diu non poteft efte ficcum5 E e 2 fed ( 210 ) fed atta&u humido pingne vel refinolb-vifcofum aut un&uofum exiftere oportet. Et pofito ! quod hoc verbum Coagulum vel (Joagulatum etiam ad res plane ftcca confiftentia praeditas detorqueatur vel vi detorqueri debear, licet hadtenus in Chymia il- lud non introdu&'um fir, hocfaltem concedere necef fum erit, id nunquam ad corpus pellucidum, cry- ftallinum, in feparatis, perfpicuis, ficcis, ordine compofitis & uri Sal cryftallinum apparentibus, ad crepitarionem ufque duris fruftis confiftens extern dendum, adeoque tale quid minime Coagulum vel Oleum coagulatum appellandum effe, quippe quod ha&enus nondum auditum aut receptum fuit. 3» Omnia Olea coagulata, e. gr. Oleum Anifi, Rurae, Olivarum, &c. fi loco frigido vel tempore brumali etiam ad fummum coagulentur, nequaquam tamen in ficcas, plane duj-as, uti Tartarus vitriola- tus, Sc adhuc majores quafi Saccharum candidum album repraefentantes, adeoque in concutiendo ere- pitanres vel fonantes Cryftallos, fed ad fummum ex- terno afpedtu ut tenuillima folia, attadtu tamen di-’ gitos pinguefacientes 8e rigid# quafi apparentes par- ticulas, adh#c vero maxima ex parte in perpetuo butyraceam vel adipolam confiftentiam, adeoque nunquam in talem Camphor fimilem duritiem de- generare folent. 4. Olea quoque coagulata, vel leviori accedente calore, mox liquefeere Se tenuiora fieri, ftatumque coagulationis fuse amittere folent, quod vero in no- ftris Cryftallis reperire non licet, quia hx tam sedate quam hyeme, quinimo confulto applicatoleni calore in sequali femper folida farma permanent. Sect. (ill ) Sect. X. Tertio D. Brown adhuc utitur Verbo Condenfa- turn, Cryftallos nempe vocac Oleum coagulatum feucondenfatum. Si dixiflet, Cryftallos efle Corpus ex Oleo condenfatum, tunc eandem mecum haberet fen* tentiam quant ipie in Obfervatione mea, pag. 3x7. fub N° 3. adduxi 3 dum vero fimpliciter eas pro Oleo habet, ei minime afTentiri pofTum,fiquidem hoc magnam prsebeat difterentiam, quando dico : ex Oleo natum, condenfatum vel feparatum ; e contrario quando de Oleo condenfato feu coagulato verba fa- cio : Per hanc enim pofteriorem loquendi formulam totum intelligitur Oleum } per priorem vero tantum aliquod feparatum, de novo produdlum & ex Oleo jam demum exortum planeque aliter, "quam reli- quum Oleum vifui fe objiciens. Id Oleum, quod fe coagulari vel condenfari patitur, illud non tan- tum centefima, quinquagefima vel vigefima ex parte fieri folet, fed ejufmodi Oleum penitus penitulque, ft non in toto faltem plurimo & maximo pondere fe coagulare & condenfare debet. Qua vero rati- one fit, ut hie in OleoThymi parvum tantum pon- dus elegantium harutn Cryftallorum oriatur vel fe- paretur, omneque reliquum Oleum ne minimam qui- dem mutationemaut veftigium coagulationis vel con- denfationis monftret,fed in perfedte liquida & debite tenuiterque oleofa confiftentia, ficut Oleum Thy- mi purum eft atque efle folet, xqualiter permaneat ? Aliud eft ea materia ex qua aliquid fit, & aliud quoque eft illud, quod ex ea paratur : in prxfenti noftra materia utique in principio adeft Oleum 6C quidem Oleum deftiilatum eftentiale ; poftquam au tem ( 111 ) autem ex hoc ipfo nova plane fubftantia denub ori- tur, generatur vel ex Oleo feparatur & producitur, quae taftu, vifa vel forma externa cum iplo Oleo mi- nime convenit, hoc jam clarum pellucidum, album, folidum & cryftallinum corpus nunquam pro priori fufco rubro tenui &C liquido oleo exiftimare pofium, tanto minus, cum etiam non omne Oleum coaguletur vel condenletur, hinc fubftantiam illam pro Oleo coa- gulate feu condenfato accipere queo, licet corpus hoc cx Oleo feparatum 6c condenfatum feu potius cry- ftaliifatumfit. Quod fi ha:c methodus invalefceret, ut feparata & pneparata ex hoc vel illo fubje&o fempcr cuin eodem nomine illius fubjedH ex quo fe- parata funr, infignirentur, & cognomen tantum ali- quod adjiceretur, turn exinde mirse conclufiones & flu pen dec cemfufiones in Chymia orirentur, fic & in enarrationibus & defcriptionibus rerum artificialium fere nil nifi xquivocus, obfcurus & incertus fenfus produceretur. Si hoc valeret, ut Camphora ex hac tantum caul'a pofFit appellari Oleum, quia ex Oleo orta eft, & ratione confiftentias figur&que tantummo- db cognomen coaguiatum vel condenfatum adjicere, adcoque ftc ab omnibus obje&ionibus fimul & fe- mel me liberate pofiem, tuncquoque hoc rebhim ac juftum efle deberet, fi communem frumenti fpiritum appellarem Frumentum vel femen hquidum Horde- urn rarefabtum, Triticum fpirituofum & fic porro, quia fcilicet ex feminibus iftis paratus fuit. Hoc modo Flores Antimonij etiam Antimonium vola- tile^ Spiritus Suiphuris, Sulphur aquofum ; Phof- phorus, Urina coagulata; Sal lixiviofum cryftalli- num, Cineres condenfatf, & fic plura alia fecundum nomen material ex qua prteparata funt, nuncupari 2 deberenr, ( ) deberent, quia circa h^c omnia eodem jure pro- bari potefl, quod ex iis orta vel pr¶ta fint, quo affirmare queo, Caruphoram Thymi obortam effe ex Oleo Thymi, & fie complures materia aliter pro- lixiufque denominari arque circumfcribi poffent ; nifi a. Ad externas quoque differentias, confiftenti- am, afpe&um, ficcitatem, humiditatem, pinguedi- nem, liquidiratem, peiluciditatem, opacitatem, foli- diratem, duritiem, mollitiem, plurefque alias cir- cumftantias animus adverterecur, & fimul b. Tritum in fcholis proverbium : quod fieri po- teft per pauca, Stc. puto, quomodo quis mentem fuam omnium brevifiime & maxime notanter ex- primere pofiit, in confiderationem veniret. Quod fi igitur Materiam quandam unico voca~ bulo charadteriftico denorare poffum, quare hoc evitare & potius duo vel plura adhibere, adeoque, loco verbi Camphora, Oleum coagulatum feu con- denfatum dicere deberem? Sufficit! & quilibet in- telligir, cum verbum Camphora adhibeo, quod fit corpus Cryftallinum atque condenfatum, immo ex Oleo condenfatum Sc maximam partem ex oleofis partibus confiftens. Adhaec diverfi in Ghymia dan- tur modi, ubi ex fubftantia liquida corpus ficcum acquiritur, ideoque & hie bene diftinguendum, nec ubique omnia, verbis coagulatum condenfatum, defcribenda funt, fiquidem inter coagulatum ac cry- ftallifatum, inter congelatum, condenfatum, infpiffa- turn, praecipitatum atque fublimatum, & quae like- riores ejufmodi funt methodi, non exigua exiftit differentia. Sect, ( ll4 ) Sect. XI. Hxc ergo mea forte eft explicatio, quare iftas ex Oleo Thymi acquifitas Cryftallos appellaverim Camphoram, eafque non olei nomine aut alio quo: dam cognomine infignire judicaverim. De reliquo mihi perinde erit, ft D. Brown aliifque illas Oleum vel Sal volatile vel quoquomodo velint, nominare libuerit. Sect. XII. Prxterea ego nec primus nec folus in terrarum orbe fum, qui ejufmodi ex Europseis Oleis eflentia- libus comparatum mixtum Camphors nomine infig- niverim, led & alij quidam ineruditis certe non ad- numerati viri idem mecum fecerunt. Uc prolixita- tem efFugiam, ad duos tantummodo iftos, quos ipfe D. Brown ailegavit, provocabo : 1. Eruditus & celeb Leydenfium Profeftor D. D. Boerhaave in Libro a D. Brown adducfto, qui dicitur Chymia: inftitutiones <3c Experimenta,pag. 82. (cujus loci ipfe D. Brown, pag. 365. meminit) : “ Nam (Camphora) inquit, non folum eft progenies fo- cc lias arboris Camphora:, N. B. Sed omnes planta: u aromaticae Camphoram fui generis producere a pofFunt,” prout &i D. Boerhaave de hifce in Col- legiis 8c Lecftionibus fuis quam faepiftime mentem ulterius explicavit, ex quibus nempe Europseorum Oleis Camphora acquiri poffit. 2. Egregius ille in eruditione, experientia que ce- leb* Parifienf. Chymicus D. GeofFroy junior, quern 2 D. Brown ( i,»5 ) D. Brown loco citato itidem addueit- in dida Ob- fervatione Academ. Scienriarum Anno 1721. edita, ait ; ct L’Hufle Tcrebinthine, quoiqueredifiee a i’caii “ depole aux parois de la bouteille des criflaux “ femblables a des aiguilles de Campbre fnblime. “ J’ai obierve la meme chofe dans les E /Fences de “ Matricaire, de Marjolaine, &c. Et pcrro : “ L * acciditfe, idque hac tantum prxoccupatione fultus, quia ilia ego non viderim. In P. S. equi- dem, D. Manel ei CamphoramMajoranae monftrafie, fatetur, quia vero differentias aliquas cum liquoribus aliis, eidem ratione uti Camphora Thymi, adeo* que non in omnibus relationibus eodem mod6, ficut Camphora communis fefe exhibuerit, hinc etiam ipfi non Camphora, fed Oleum coagulatum audit. Sect. XIII. Pag. 3 63 365. D. Brown de opinione fua, quod ©amphora Thy mi fit Oleum coagulatum, quodam- modo dubitare* vel, ut redtius dicam, medius hse- rere videtur, ait enim loco pofteriore : Quod ad cc hoc feu Oleum coagulatum Thymi, &c. & u loco priore : Quibus non abs re fuerit, teflimo- tc nia qusedam de Oleis coagulatis, feu Salibus ex u Oleis natis, hue pertinentia, fubjungere/> Ex his patet, dum nempe Cryftallos quxftionis Sal feu , Oleum, Oleum coagulatum feu Sal ex Oleo natum ( 2 17 >) appellat, quod adhuc quafi non jfatis certus fit nec fecum confentiat, ipfas Cryftallos certe nihil aliud quam Oleum, fed forte pari ratione tain Sal quam Oleum efie, licet pag. 361. vel non procul a principio Tracftatus ejus, nomen Sails ipfi abneget, dum ita loquitur : quod ha Nihilo tamen minus D, Brown circa Camphoram ejufque diverfas pr#cipitationes St relationes, quod nempe folutio Camphors Thymi eodem modo fe non prascipitet ac folutio Camphor# vulgaris, ean- dem denuo format conclufionem : Ergo Camphora Thymi non eft Species Camphor#, vel propterea in id genus Mixtorum non pertinet. Reperiuntur ejufmodi differenti# etiam in variis tra&ationibus, folutionibus St pr#cipitationibus corporum refino- forum cum Spiritu Vini, quinimo ex quibufdam fo- lutionibus refinofis, curiofitatis gratia, duplicis ge- neris pr#cipitationes, fi cuidam fucum facere velles, monftrari poffunt, ita ut refina vel ftatim fe pr#- cipitet & ad fundum feparetur, vel etiam folutio minus re & fic etiam, quando ea cum Sale alcalino vel fixo vel volatiii conjun^ta 8c in (latum neutrum redacfta funt ? Pergrandem illam difTerentiam Salia inter acida & alcaiica vel ipfimet norunt tirones ; quis verb idcirco, nova plane modo, & N. B. propter has mox hk mox il- lic occurrentes differentias, vel quia in omnibus partibus ac relationibus inter fe non conveniunt, ta- lem conclufionem formare auderet : Ergo hoc vel illud non eft Sal? Ratio, quia vel plane nullam Cryftaliifationem admittit, vel non eidem figura, uti illud Sal, cryftallifatur, vel quia fublimatio- nem refpuit, aut in commixtione cum hac vel il- ia materia non eodem modo, uti illud Sal, fefe gerit, vel quia aliter fefe prxcipitat, non plena- rie reducitur, aut ftccam confiftentiam recipere recufar, & qux forte centense plurefque varia- tions circa phyfia>chemica experimental quibus Salia intermixta funt, revera occurrentes adduci ejufmodi ratiocinandi modus ha Siquidem dubito, quin ipfe 6. Brown hoc credat, fed potius fatis cognitum habeat. Si autem novit ac firmiter credit, quatuor iftas antedidtas Regni mineralis fubftantias effe Me- talla, nullique rei melius annumerari poffe, adeoque hoc nomen de jure mereri, licet ab auro & argento multum diferepent ; Porrb, quod reliquae, exem- pli tantum gratia, addu&x fubftantias Salinas fint vera Salia, quamvis nec pura Salia acida nec alca- lica exiftant, & tam inter fe, quam etiam a multis aliis Salibus valde differant 5 quare igitiir in Regno Vege* ( 22p ) Vegetabili, vel hie circa noftrum Concretum Oleo* fo-cryftal!inum, propter proprietates & differentias quafdara particulars, novum concludendi ac defcri- bendi modum injicit & Camphoram Thymi, tan- tummodo propter aliquas cum vulgari Camphora dif- ferentias, vel quia ilia in omnibus ulterioribus relatio- nibus cum hac non conveniar, pro Camphora ag~ nofcere, declarare& fie nominare recufat? Cumta- men hoc Thymi concretum, quoad proprietates principals, ram bene cum Oriental! Camphora fyrh- bolizet, ac Metalia prsdida currfaliis Metallis vel Salia ifta cum aliis Salibus. Quod fi Plumbum, Stannum, Cuprum & Ferrum Metallum appellare licitum eft, quamvis ab Auro &£ Argento, imo inter fe, multum difFerant ; quod fi Alumen & Vitrio- lum Sal vocitare folemus, licet a Sale communi ali- ifque Salibus multum diferepent j quare non lici- tum mihi fuerit, cryftallinum hoc corpus Campho- rs nomine infignire, etiamfi quafdam a vulgari Cam- phora obtineat difFerentias? Videtur mihi, Viros neutri parti addidos meam potius Opinionem ap- ptobaturos, eamque magis appropriatam & ada> quatam judicaturos efie, quam Titulum Olei, vel ut folidum, peliucide-cryftallinum, ficcum corpus ap^ pellet ur Oleum. Sect. XXII. Conclufionis loco adhuc femel ergo repeto : i. Quamdiu aliquid Olei nomen meretur, tan> diu vT plane liquidum, vel faltem craffiufcule li- quidum, uhduofum & pingue tadu illud efie de- bet. i z. Qua mr ( M° ) 2. Quamdiu aliquid pro Oleo coagulato vfel con- denlato habere poffum, tamdiu neoefle eft ut craf- fiufculum, parum vel -plane non liquidum, vel ad fummum unguenti & febi ccnfiftentia, idque folum- modo in frigido, adeoque obrigefcens fir, attacftu ramen nihilominus digitos pinguefaciat &, leviftimo quoque adhibito calore, formam iftam coagulatam iterura amittat. 3. Simulac autem vere ficcas, folidas St pelluci- das (in forma circiter pulchri St clari Tartari vitri- olati cryftallifati apparentes) cryftallos nancifcor, etiamfi ex ipfo Oleo orts fint, imo licet etiam in fua mixtione, pro maximo pondere, ex veris oleofis partibus confiftanr, attamen ftatim ceflat titulus Olei, & cognomen hoc coagulati feu condenlati Ti- tulum Olei amplius tueri non valet nec needle eft cognomina talia adhibere, dum, ft ejufmodi ex Oleo efientiali produdhim cryftallinum, ficcum corpus ex- iftit, quale fubftantiam quaeftionis videmus, unicum verbum Camphora turn latis lufficiat, adeoque optime exprimat, quale fit mixtum, St quod nihil aliud, quam Species Camphorre, ficque corpus noftrum cry- ftalliforme Camphora Thymi maneat. 5P. S. Sphalmata Sc Errata feriptoria vel typo- graphy, dum in Obfervatione mea pag. 324. lin. 2 St 3, vel Amanuenfis meus literam a fuperne non fa- ns debite contraxit, quam poftea Typotheta pro u affumfit, vel Typotheta u, loco a , arripuit, adeo- que loco veram, denlam, verum, denlum imprdfir, D. Brown pro eo, quo pollet, judicio, facile ag- nofeere potuiflet, neque eofdem errores eifdem typis denuo excudendos curare opus habuiflet. Ego certe vitio c nx ) vitio rnihi verterem, fi ex Obfervatiohe ipfius pag. 300. lin. 4. ab ima pagina verbum ^Dijjerentiis f pag. 364. lin; x. Thtlofofophicis , item, pag. 365. lin. 16. verbum nalis Sc ejufmodi facile evenientia Sphalmata fcriptoria vel typographica, quas alias Viri graves omnium Nationum facili negotio perfpi- cere, indulgere & excufare folent, ei exprobrare vel eodem modo typis viciflim mandate vellem. Beroltni, d. v. Martij, 1731. Caspar Neumann. Med. eD. & Chem'ue Trof. In Epiftola ad illuflrijfimum R. S. Prsefidem data Berolini a. d. III. Id. April, cid id cc xxxui. bre- viter fcribit cDoclifjir/ius Author nojier hifce verbis. “ "PVE Difiertatione mea lecunda de Camphor a “ L J Thymi id quidem ingenue profiteor, nihil “ me aliud denuo declarare voluifle, nifi hoc ipfum, ‘ 1 quod materia, quae in duris cryftallis atque in aqua “ non folubilis comparet in Oleo Thymi pariter at- “ que aliis quibufdam Oleis effentialibus, minime Sal “ aliquod volatile, multo minus Oleum coagufatum, “ led lingulare quoddam, ex illiufmodi Oleis fegre- “ gatum feparatumque concretum, fiC ut paucis di- “ cam, ejufmodi mixtum fit, quod me quidem ju- “ dice non alio magis convenient! quam Camphors “ nomine infignire poflis. Hh III. The i * ( ) . ■, ; t. , t\ . r- ' ' * • f . t x A „ t i ' r. : ; .■ ' , { ^ v jjr- ^ III, Resettling of a new Genus of Plants, cv*//- ed after the Malayans, MangosTans ; By Laurentius Garcin, M 1>. and F. <%. S. Tranflated from the French by Mr. Zollman, F. % S. ■(: • <■ • THE Mangojans is akind of Pomiferous Tree, which grows in the' Molucca Iflands, the Fruit of which is one of the belt in the World for eating. Its Char acte R. This Genus has its Flower cornpleat, tetrapetalous, regular, hermaphrodite, containing the Ovary. Its Calix is monopetalous, divided into four Lobes, roundilh on the Edges, and hollowed in the Shape of a Spoon. The Ovary is very near cylindrical, with a Tube upon it cut out in the Shape of a Rofer which covers it like a little C3p. The Stamina whichfur- roundit, are fpherical at the Top, their Number is four times that of the Pet ala. When thefe are gone off, th ePlfiil changes into a round Fruit, adorned with its Calix, and its Tube, cut into the Shape of a Star with Rays fquared at the Corners. Its Cor- tex, which is thick and brittle, enclofes a Cavity filled with as many pulpous and juicy Segments as there are Rays in the Tube. Thefe Segments are white, in the Shape of a Half-moon, flicking toge- ther, and containing each but one Grain of Seed j which ( M3 ) which latter is oblong, fomething flattened, refem- bling an Almond, wrapt up in a fuhica, which is covered with a hairy Coat of Fibres or Veflels, which together with the Pulp make up the Parenchyma of a Segment of the Fruit. The Leaves of the Tree are entire, fmooth like thofe of the Laurel , and grow oppofite to each other oil the Branches. The Stem of the Tree grows up ftraight to the Top of its Tuft, and its Branches and Twigs come out oppofite to one another like the Leaves, I know but one Species of this Gems, which ad- mits indeed of fome Variation, but without any other Mark than what appears in the Fruit. Mangoftans Garciae, Cluf. Bont. Arbor peregfina Aurantio Jimili frutfu. Cluf. exot. 12. Laur folia Javanen/ts C. B. Pin. 461. Its Description. The Mangoftans is a Tree of a very moderate Size. It does not grow above three Toifes (about eighteen Feet) high. Its Stem runs up ftraight to the Top of its Tuft, like the Fir. This Tuft is re- gular, in Form of an oblong Cone, compofed of many Branches and Twigs, fpreading out equally on all Sides, without leaving any Hollow. The Stem grows at Bottom to the Thicknefs of a Man’s Thigh, or about eight or ten Inches in Dia- meter ; it afterwards diminilhes in Thicknefs by De- grees up to the Tuft. Its Wood is white, as long as the Tree is growing, but browniih when the Tree is cut down and dry. Its Bark is a little tender, and feparates ealily from the Wood; it is of a dark H h i Grey ( *34 ) Grey Colour, and flit, or full of Cracks up the Stem, but on the Twigs it is more even and greener, refembling that of Evonymus , or Spindle-Tree. The Branches grow out of them by Stories, and op- pofite to one another ; thofe Stories crofs each other obliquely, and not at right Angles. The Thicknefs of thofe Branches is always proportionable to that of the Stem at the Place where they come out of it : This Proportion is about one to four, or one to five. The Length of the inferior Branches of the Tuft is of five or fix Feet, the others (horten as they come near the Top. The Diftances of the Stories of the Branches are a little unequal, but where they are wided, they do not exceed the Length of the greateft Leaves, that is, eight, or' nine Inches. The Twigs grow on the Branches in the fame Or- der as thofe do on the Stem, that is, oppofite to each other. The longed are commonly of the Length from one’s Hand to the Elbow. The greater Twigs grow out to a certain Didance from the Stem, and the others which garnifli the red of the Branches, always grow lefs andlefs towards their Extremity. The Branches and Twigs never divide them- fclves. The Leaves are large, entire, beautiful, fmooth, of a flnning-Greenonthe upper Side, and of an Olive Colour on the Back, pointed at their Extremities. The Rib which divides its Extent into two equal Parts, is ftraighf,and equally prominent on both Sides. From the Sides of this Rib there iffue forth Fibres pretty final!, and almbd by Pairs, .which ex- tend themfelves in Parallels,. apid bent T little Arch- . wife quite to -the Edge of the Leaf, - where they y unite ( H5 ) unite themfelves into a Thread, which forms there a kind of Margin. The Mafhes, or Filaments of the Net are not very perceptible.. The Size of thefe Leaves varies j the larged are eight or nine Inches long, but commonly feven. The Breadth of each Leaf is near equal to half its Length, which Propor- tion is always the fame in every Leaf. Their Pe- dicles are thickr Ihort and wrinkled, flat on the In- fide, and raifed in the Shape of an Afs’s Back on the Outfide, moft frequently half an Inch long. They come out near, and on the Extremities of the Twigs, oppofite to each other like the Branches, themfelves. There appear feldom above two Pairs of Leaves on each Twig, and thofe that (hoot out lad always make up the Extremity of that Twig. The Flower is of two Inches in Diameter, pretty much like a (ingle Rofe. It is compofed of four Pe- tal a, almoft round,, or a little pointed, of the Breadth of an Inch, or thereabouts, very thick, firm, flelhy, brittle, and fomewhat hollowed into the Shape of a Spoon. Their greated Thicknefs is near their Ba~ (is, of above a Line, which decreafes by Degrees to- wards the Extremity. They entirely referable the Pe- tal of a Rofe, except that inftead of being indent- ed like a Heart, they end gradually into roundilh Points (as I faid before). Their Colour is alfo like that of a Rofe, except that it is deeper and lefs live- ly. The Bads, which is the thicked and firmed Part of it, is the whited, and the mod brittle. The Pidil, or Ovary, is a round or almofl cylin- drical. Body,. fiveTdnes . thick, ra'ifed to the Height of four. The upper. Pari of this Pidil, that is to fay, its Tube, is cut in the Shape of a fmall Rofe, cover?' « " ' : ing. ( ) 'ing the Ovary like a Cap. The Diameter of this Cap is of an equal Breadth with the Ovary , which it covers entirely, flicking very clofe to it. The Co. lour of the Ovary is a pale or whitifh Green, and that of the Tube a White that is fullied or dirty. The Stamina rife from the Bafe of the Ptjlil, they are whitifh, round at the Tops, and raifed to the Circumference of the Tube, applying themfelves to the Ovary. They are fix teen in Number $ four for each Petal. The Calix is of one Piece, expanded and cut in- to four Lobes down to its Bafis. Thefe Lobes are thick, round, lkinny, hollowed in the manner of a Spoon, refembling alfo Petala of Rofes not fully blown. They feem to crofs one another like the Petala. The two upper Lobes are fomething larger than the lower ones ; they are greenifh on the out- fide, and of a fine deep Red within, which makes them more agreeable to the Eye than the Petala ; the Red of the upper ones is more lively than that of the lower ones. All thefe Lobe3 in fhort are hollo wer than the Petala\ they do not cover thofe latter farther than half way their Height. This Calix enclofes all the Parts of the Flower. It is fupported by a Pedicle of feven or eight Lines long, its thicknefs being commonly of one third of its Length. This Pedicle is green, and cohflantly comes outof theEndofaTwig above the lafl Pair of Leaves. The Fruit is round, of the Size of a middling Orange : Its Bignefs however varies very much, from one Inch and a half to two Inches and a half in Di- ameter. The Top of it is covered with a’Sort of Cap •emboffed, cut out in the Shape of a Rofe,or a Star with i Rays ( 237 ) Rays fquared off, of a Finder’s Breadth, or fometimes of an Inch in Diameter. The Rays of this little Rofe are molt frequently fix or feven in Number, but fel- dom of five or eight. Thefe Rays, by being thus fquared, form together a kind of Polygon : This is the Fart which had ferved for the Tube to the Ovary. The Body of this Fruit is a Capfula of one Ca- vity, compofed of a thick Shell, brittle, a little like that of a Pomegranate , but fofter, thicker,, and fuller of Juice. Its Thicknefs is commonly of three Lines: Its outer Colour is of a dark -brown Pur- ple, mixed with a little Grey and dark Green ; the inner Colour, that is to fay,, on the infide of the Cafe, is of a Rcfe Colour. Its Juice is purple. Laft of all this Skin is of aftyptick or aftringentTafte,like that of the Pomegranate ; nor does it flick to the Parts of the Fruit it contains. The inner Part of this Fruit is a furrowed Globe divided into Segments, much like thofe in an Orange, but unequal in Size, which do not adhere to each other. The Number of thefe Seg- ments is always equal •to that oft he Rays of the Tube which covers the Fruit. The fewer there are of thefe Segments, the bigger they are. There are often in the fame Fruit Segments as big again as any of thofe that are on the Side of them : Which will be eafily feen. in the Figure I have given of it. Thefe Segments are white, a little tranfparent, flelhy, membranous, fibrous, full of Juice like Cher- ries or Rasberries, of a Tafte of Strawberries and Grapes together. Each of the largefi Segments en=. clofes a Grain of Seed of the Figure and Size of an Almond ftripp’d of its Shell, having a Protuberance on one of its Sides, which is nothing elfe but its Navel. ( -M8 ) Navel. This Grain is covered with two (mail Skins, the outermoft of which ferves for a Balls to the Fi- laments and Membranes of which the Pulp is compo* fed. The Subfiance of thefe Grains cotnes very near to that of Chefnuts as to their Confiftency, Colour, and aflringent Quality. The Calix always remains flicking to the Fruit, to which it ferves for an Or- nament, and when half dried up, it is of the Colour of the ’Pomegranate Shell on the Outlide. It covers about a lixth Part of the Circumference of the Fruit, Remarks. Garcias , Clujhis , and Bontius , are the firft Au- thors whohave made mention of the MangoJtans\ but they have left us only indifferent Defcriptions, and fo Ihort ones, that it is not poflible to form from them a fufficient Idea for difcovering its Characters. The firft of thofe Authors was ill informed, when he was told the Fruit of it was yellow. Cluftus has fpoke of it under two different Names, without ap- prehending that it was one and the fame Plant. The Figure which he has given of the Fruit, and which he calls Arbor peregrina Aurantio Jimili fruAu, though ill done, yet reprefents it enough to know it again. If in that Figure the Fruit appears little in relation to the Twig which fupports it, this can be for no other Reafon, but becaufe he received from t^e Indies fome of that Fruit _ which had been gathered before its State of Perfection, and after it drew his Figure. And hence it is, that the Fruit being fhrunk up and imperfeCt, he found nothing in / ( ) it.but a few fhrivell’d Grains, which were not much larger than thofe of a Fig. - It is furprifing however, that the moft delicious Fruit of all the Indies , and which yields to none of the beft in Europe , is that which of all has been hi- therto leaft known. But as I have often eaten of it, and found it as excellent as it is reputed in the Gaun- tries where it is cultivated, I refolved to examine its Genus, to fettle its Characters, and to give a De- fcription of if, which might make it better known for the future to Botanifts, and other curious Per- fons. This Tree originally grows in the Molucca Elands, but for fome Years paft it has been tranfplanted into thelile of Java, and fome few at Malacca , in which Places it thrives very well. Its Tuft is fo fine, fo regular, fo equal, and the Appearance of its Leaves fo beautiful, that it is at prefent looked upon at Batavia as the moft proper for adorning a Garden, and afford* ing an agreeable Shade-, yet there have been but few Europeans in the Indies who have made ufe of it for this Purpofe, becaufe they were unacquainted with it. They employed other Trees which did not near come up to it as to Ufefulnefs and Beauty. Travellers who make mention of its Fruit, always fpeak of it with great Encomiums. Linfchooten is the only one who, after having given a Defcription of feveral Indian Fruits in his own way, thought it needlefs to deferibe the Mangojfans , as well as fome others, becaufe, fays he, they are little valued. Probably he never faw it, but upon Enquiry took upon Credit what fome Perfonor other told him, who I i knew ( 24° ) . knew nothing of itbefides the Name, and confound- ed it with others which are little efteemed. There are few Grains to be met with in this Fruit that are good for planting, for moft of them are but abortive. Sometimes this Fruit is found fpoiled within, which may be known by yellow Spots appearing on fome of the Segments. Some People fcruple then to eat them, but others make no Difficulty about it. It is certain however, that they are not fo good, efpeci* ally if the Spots are conliderable. I obferved that this Corruption proceeded from the Juice in the Cap - fula, which being fpoiled by the Sting of fome In- feft, and thereby becoming yellow, and fpreading over the Segments of the Fruit, infeQed them with that Colour, and thereby changed them. This Wound is fo fmall, and fo hard to be difcovered, that one often is left in a Doubt whether there be any at all. One may eat a great deal of this Fruit without any Inconvenience, and it is the only one which fick People may be allowed to eat without any Scru- ple. It is very wholfome, refrelhing, and more cor- dial than the Strawberry. Its Shell has the fame Virtue as that of the Pome- granate } at Batavia they make an Infulion and a Tinfture of it againft: Loofenefles, and chiefly again!! Dyfenteries. The Wood is good for nothing but firing. In the Memoires de Mathematique & de Phyji - que de V Ac ademie Roy ale des Science s de Paris, of the Year 1691., Page 43 j of the Amfierdarm Edi- tion, there is a Ihort Defcriptioa of the Mangojlans by ( 24l ) by Father Beze, which is pretty good ; bilt as he took the CaJix for the Flower, it is plain he obferved it not ’till after the Petala were fallen off. His Defcription is too Ihort and defective for deter- mining from thence alone the true Chara&ers of this Genus. Expi/Anation of ^Figures. Fig. i. The Flower, as it appears in the Infide and Outfide. ’ a. The four Petala of the Flower. b. The four Lobes of the Calix. c. The Tube. d. The Pedicle. Fig. x. The Calix as it appears in the Infide with the Piftil and the Stamina : e. The End of the Pedicle of the Flower, which fupports the Calix. Fig. 3 . A Petal , as it appears on the Back, fepa- rated from the Flower : f. Its Balls, which is the thickeft, the firmefl: and the mod brittle Part. g. Four Stamina belonging to the Petal, arifing from the Balls of it, and of the Piftil. Fig. 4. The entire Fruit feen from the Side of the Calix or the Pedicle. h. The Calix. i. The Pedicle, k. A Part of its Tube. f- Ii a Fig. 5. ( ) Fig. 5. The fame, feen from the Side of the Tube, which is cut out in the Shape of a finall Rofe : l. The Tube, which always flicks faft to the Fruit. m. The Pedicle , and Part of the Calix. Fig. 6. The Fruit cut into two Halfs, containing fix Segments : ti. The Segments good to eat, whereof fome com- monly are larger than the others. 0. The Calix. p. The Pedicle. Fig. 7. A feparate Segment of the Fruit, in the Shape of a Half-moon, containing a Grain. Fig. 8. A Grain or Seed feparated from the Segment, the Coat whereof is covered with Filaments, which formed the Parenchyma of the Segment. • ' ’* * £. ' ’ . > Fig. 9. A Leaf of the Tree which bears the Man. gojlans , with its Fellow cut off near the -Bottom, fupported by a Piece of its Twig. IV. Jn. 1 IV. An Account , by Mr. John Eames, F. The Lumen Boreale ordinarily appears in the Nor* them Parts of the Heavens, becaufe tho* the whole Atmofphere of the Earth be involved in the Zodia- cal Matter (or Solar Atmofphere) yet 'tis thrown off both ways, from the Equatorial towards the Polar Regions. This is owing to a double Caufe, the firft is the centrifugal Force, arifing from the diurnal Motion of the Earth, which being greateft at the Equator (and gradually leffening as you approach the Poles, where it vanilhes) makes greateft Oppofition there, and not only hinders the Entrance of the Zodiacal Matter into the Earth’s Atmofphere, near the Equatorial Regi. on, but turns it afide into a Courfe towards each Pole ; and the Author does not queftion but an Aurora An- Jlralis might be feen at proper times in the Southern Temperate Zone, juft as an Aurora Borealis is in ours, which is Northern, attended with fimilar Phe- nomena, were there but attentive Obfervers. The fecond Caufe is the progreffive Motion of the Earth in its annual Orbit near one half of the Year with the North Pole foremoft, and in the other half with the South Pole , moving thro’ the Zodiacal Matter. The natural Confequence of which will be a heap, ing up of Matter, more on the Polar Regions than the Equatorial or Temperate, and this accounts in part for the Declination of the Centre of the luminous Arcs, fometimes near ten Degrees from the Pole j the Direftion of this Motion of the Earth not coinci. ding with the Direction of the Axis of the Earth, at thofe times. The ( 25; ) The daik Arcular Segment next the Horizon ap- pearing like a heavy black Cloud, or Mill, is form'd out of the denfeft and fpecifically heavieft Parts of the Zodiacal Matter , which in their Defcent muft fink deepeft into the Earth’s Atmofphere, and are leaft in- flammable in their Nature, while the rarer and light- er Parts, which are more inflammable and luminous, if not adually inflam’d, form the Arc or Arcs that lie above the dark Segment. The ingenious Author fpeaks of a Fort de /’ incendie, a Place where the Zodiacal Matter collefted together, and moving or palling thro’ it, is actually turn’d into Flame. Thus long Trains of defcending Zodiacal Matter arriving in their Defcent at this Place, being kindled, or at leaft reflecting the Light of that Incendium , produce the feveral Columns or Streams of Light that appear above, or behind the obfcure circular Bafe, or lu- minous Arches. The Breaks that are fometimes vifible in thefe Arches, are occafioned by the Defcent and Paffage of feveral difcontinued Trains and Flakes of the denfer and leaft inflammable Parts of the Zodiacal Matter , between the Eye of the Spectator and the luminous Arch. The various Colours arife from a Separation of the Rays of Light from each other, either by a fort of Filtration in palling thro’ Mediums of different Denfities, or by the Divergence of the differently refrangible and coloured Rays (or rather from the dif- ferent Celerities of thofe Rays, as the Author fays he has explained more at large in anotherPlace) after the manner that the Colours are formed in Clouds near the Horizon about the riling or letting Sun. To ( 254 ) To conclude, the Canopy in acompleat Aurora Bo- realis he looks upon to be an Objed purely optical, a Ample Appearance arifing from a Angular Diftrbution of feveral perpendicular Columns, or Trains of Zodia- cal Matter^ as he explains more at large in two Fi- gures. This Exa&nefs and Regularity in the Diftri- bution makes it an uncommon Phenomenon ; fo that among an hundred Aurora Boreales that have been obferved, he has met with but three attended with a Corona. What remains, is only to take Notice of fome of the Queries which relate to feveral Appearances in Nature, that feem to be explicable by our Author's Hypothefes of a Solar Atmofphere, fuch as the Ne- bula, or lucid Spots obferv’d among the fix’d Stars, the Spots in the Sun, the Atmofphere and Tails of Comets, &c. The Nebula are certain luminary Spots or Patches, which difcover themfelves only by the Telefcope, and appear to the naked Eye like fmall fix’d Stars. They are fix in Number, and are accurately defcribed in Philo foph. franfaft. N° 347. Some of them have no Sign of a Star in the middle of them, and are properly Nebulat others have, and then are called Nebulofa. They are look'd upon by fome to be in reality nothing elfe but the Light coming from an immenfe great Space in the iEther, thro’ which a lucid Medium is diffufed, that Ihines with its own proper Luftre, making a perpetual uninterrupted Day, by no means owing to the Illumination of a central Body, or Star. . ■ - But Mr. Mairan feems to be of another Mind, and queries thus : Since the fix’d Stars are Bodies of the .{ *55 ) the fame Nature with our Sun, may not fome of them have Atmofpheres furrounding them fo luminary and extended, as to become vifible to us by a Light eafily diflinguiffiable from that of the central Body, and may not Atmofpheres of others be fo denfe as well as luminous, and extended, as may fuffice to obfuf- cate (to ufe the Author’s Expreflion) the Light of the Star involved in it ? Are not the Nebulofa of the former Sort, and the Nebula of the latter ? The lu- cid Spot in the Cingulo Andromeda, which after Hevelius our Author continues to call a Nebulofa , hasheen found by the late Mr. Cajfmi to refemble the Zodiacal Light in fome Circumfiances, and by Mr. Kirch to have fuffer’d fome Changes appearing and difappearing by turns. Mr. Mairan obferves by the way, that this Spot was firft difcover’d, not by Mr. Bullialdus in 1660, as is commonly believed, but by Mr. Simon Marius in 1612, who fully defcribes it in the Preface fo his Mundus Jovial is. The luminous Space round the Nebulofa of Ori- on’s Sword , difcover’d and defcribed by Mr. Hu - gens, he takes to be an Aflemblage, or Sum Total of the feveral Atmofpheres of the Stars, plainly vifible within that Space, and it may be of fome others that are concealed from our View. The Irregularity of the Shape is no Difficulty to him, it arifing from the different, and to us feemingly irregular Pofitions of their Atmofpheres. He adds, as a Confirmation ofhis Hypothefis, that the Brightnefs and very Figure of this Space has fuffered fome Alterations fince Mr .Hu? gens's Time. That one of the Stars delineated by Mr. Hugens without any furrounding Light, has L 1 fince \ ( ) fince been found to have a pale Light like an Atmof- phere furrounding it. Quer. 2. Is not the Solar Atmofphere liable to fre- quent'Fermentations, and fubfequent Precipitations of its groffer Parts towards the Surface of the Sun ? and are not the different Degrees of Brightnefs and Tranfparency owing hereunto ? fince the Changes in our Air, or Atmofphere, are not fuffici- ent to account for the Non-appearance of the Zo- diacal Light in fome convenient Seafons, and clear Nights. • Shier. 3. May not the Spots, fo often of late ob- ferved in the Surface of the Sun, be owing to thefe Precipitations of the groffer Parts of the Zodiacal Light , fince there feems to be fome Analogy or Correfpondence between the Frequency, Ceffation and Returns of thefe Spots, with the Ceifation, Returns and Apparitions of the Zodiacal Light ? Shier. 4 Are not the Inferior Planets, Mercury and Ferns , almoft always immerfed in the Zodiacal Matter? and may not that be one Reafon why his fo difficult to obferve Spots in them? May not a Change, the Denfity, or Magnitude of the Solar At- mofphere, be one Reafon why the Aftronorners at Paris have not been able to obferve thofe Spots in the Difkof Fenus that have been taken Notice of, and defcribed by Mr, Bianchini at Rome , a little before, fince the Telefcopes at Paris were of equal Length and Goodnefs ? Shier. ( *57 ) ,Quer. 10. May not the Augmentation of the Quan- tity of Matter in the Earth and Inferior Planets, by the continued Accumulation of the Zodiacal Matter on their Surfaces during a long Courfe of feveral Ages, produce, among other things, fome Alteration in their Periodical Motions ? .Quer. 21, &c. May not the Atmofphere and Tgil of a Comet he owing to the Zodiacal Matter, which the Comet during its PalTage through the At- mofphere of the Sun intercepts, and afterwards car- ries away with it, in its Afcent from the Sun ? Quer. 18. Is not the Earth fafe enough from all Danger of any Inundation, much more of an Uni- verfal Deluge, tho’ it fhould pafs thro’ the Atmof- phere, or Tail of a Comet? fince the Effects of fuch a Paflage can only be an Aurora Borealis , whofe Matter is not at all of a watry vaporous Nature ? A Conflagration rather than an Inundation might have been imagined to be the natural Confequence,but Experience informs us, that if this Hy pot hefis be ad- mitted as genuine, that our Earth has been entirely plunged in this Zodiacal Matter without any fenfi- ble Heat attending it, L 1 2 V. A ( M8 ) V. A Letter from Monf. Du Fay, F. 5. and of the (Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, to bis Grace CHARLES Duke of Richmond and Lenox, concerning Electricity. Tranjla~ ted from the French by T. S. M D. Paris , December 17, 1733. My LO R D , I Flatter my felf your Grace will not be difplea- fed with an Account of fome extraordinary Dis- coveries I have made in the Electricity of Bodies, nor refufe the Favour I have to aik, that it may be communicated to the Royal Society. I owe this Homage to that Illuftrious Body, not only as a Mem- ber thereof, but in this refpeft as a Debtor to their Works; for the Writings of Mr .Gray, and the late Mr. Hauksbee, both of that Society , firft put me upon the Subje£f, and furnidi’d me with the Hints that led me to the following Difcoveries. Firft, I have found that all Bodies (metallick, foft or fluid ones excepted) may be made Eleftrick, by firft heating them more or lefs, and then rubbing them on any fort of Cloth. So that all kinds of Stones, as well precious as common, all forts of Wood, and in general every thing that I have made Trial of, became EleCtrick, by heating and rubbing; except fuch Bodies as grow foft by Heat, as the Gums, which diflolve in Water, Glue, and fuch other Subftances. » Fis alfo to be remark'd, that the hardeft ( 255> ) hardefl Stones and Marbles require more chafing or heating than others, 3nd that the fame Rule obtains with regard to the Woods • fo that Box, Lignum Vittf, and fuch others mufl be chafed almoft to the Degree of burning, whereas Firy Lime-Tree and Cork , require but a moderate Heat. Secondly , Having read in one of Mr. Gr^/s Let- ters, that Water may be made Electrical by holding the excited Glafs Tube near ^ll°/zJra^ it (a Difh of Water being firft fix’d to a * P*22'* Stand, and that fet on a Plate of Glafs, or on the Brim of aDrinking-Glafs, previoufly chafed, or other- wife wanned) I have found upon Trial, that the fame thing happen'd to allBodies withoutException.whether folid or fluid ^ and that for that Purpofe *twas fuffici- ent to fet them on a Glafs-Stand flightly warm’d, or only dried ; and then by bringing the Tube near them, they immediately became Electrical. I made this Experiment with Ice, with a lighted Wood-coal, and with every thing that came into my Mind $ and I conftantly remark'd, that fuch Bodies as of themfeives were leaft Eledrical, had the great-eft Degree of Elec- tricity communicated to them at the Approach of the, Glafs Tube. Thirdly , Mr .Gray fays, towards the End of one of his Letters, that Bodies attraCi more or lefs according to their Colours. This led me to make feveral very Angular Experiments. I took nine (ilk Ribbons of equal Size, one white, one black, and the other feven of the feven primitive Colours, and having hung them all in Or* der on the fame Line, and then bringing the Tube near them, the black one was firft attrafted, the wr ite ( 160 ) one next, and the others in Order fucceffively to the red one, which was attracted leaf!, and the laft of them all. I afterwards cut out nine fquare Pieces of Gaufe, of the fame Colours with the Ribbons, and having put them one after another on a Hoop of Wood with Leaf-Gold under them, the Leaf-Gold was at- tracted thro’ all the coloured Pieces of Gaufe, but not thro’ the white or black. This inclined me at firft to. think, that the Colours contributed much to Ele&ricity. But three Experiments convinced me of the contrary : The firft, that by warming the Pieces of Gaufe, neither the black nor white Pieces obftruCl- ed the Aftion of the Eledrical Tube more than thofc of the other Colours. In like manner, the Ribbons be- ing warm’d, the black and white are not more ftrong- ly attracted than the reft. The fecond is, the Gaufes and Ribbons being wetted, the Ribbons are all at- tracted equally, and all the Pieces of Gaufe equally intercept the A&ion of Eledrick Bodies. The third is, that the Colours of a Priftn being thrown on a Piece of white Gaufe, there appear no Differences of AttraCfion. Whence it follows, that this Difference proceeds not from the Colour, as a Colour, but from the Subftances that are employ'd in the dying. For when I coloured Ribbons, by rubbing them with Charcoal, Carmine, and fuch other Subftances, the Differences no longer proved the fame. Fourthly, Having communicated the EleCtricity of the Tube by means of a Packthread, after Mr. Grayh manner, I obferv'd, that the Experiment fucceeded the better for wetting the Line ; and that it may be fupported on Glafs-Tubes inftead of Silk-Lines. And I made this Experiment at iz$6 Feet Di fiance, in { z6\ ) in a Garden, tho’ the Wind was high, and that the Line made eight Return?, and pafs’d thro’ two dif- ferent Walks. By means of two Silk Loops I ad- jutted two Lines in fuch a manner, that their Ends were but a Footdiftance from one another, and I re- mark’d that the Ele&rick Virtue was ftill communi- cated. I have (ince that feen in the Philo f Tranf. N° 416, /.431, that Mr. Gray had the fame Though % and that he had done the fame with Rods. This Experiment put me upon placing feveral differ- ent Bodies between the two Lines, in order to exa- mine which diminifhed or intercepted the Eiedricity, and which gave no Obftruftion to it ; I have given the Academy an Account of the Particulars, which I now omit for the fake of Brevity. Fifthly , I fufpended a Child on Silk Lines, and made all the furprifing Experiments de- N®^7^39^ %ibed by Mr. Gray. But having tried the Experiment upon my own Body in the fame manner, I obferved feveral things very re- markable. Firft, when I take the Pafte-board or Stand, on which the Leaf-Gold is laid, into my Hand, neither my other Hand nor my Face has any At- traction. But if another Perfon, who is in the Cham- ber, come near me, he will attra£lit with his Face, his Hand, or even with a Stick, Secondly, while I am fufpended on the Lines, if the ele&rick Tube be put near one of my Hands, or my Legs, and then if another Perfon approach me, and pafs his Hand within anlnch or thereabouts of my Face, Legs, Hand or Cloaths, there immediately iffues from my Body one or more pricking Shoots, with a crackling Noife,that caufes to that Perfon as well as to my fclf, a little ( i but Wool, when it is juft buried in Water, being like a Jelly, and not drying fo foon on the Top, even though the Water has left it, intirely anfwers the Purpofe as well as fowing them in the Earth; and if the Seed be good, will keep clean for two or three Months 5 for this way of fow- ing will difcover whether the Seed be mixed with old Seed (as thofe bought at a Seed- (hop generally are.) I fowed feveral forts of Sallad-Seeds in this way, and they came to as great perfection as thofe of the fame kind raifed in Hot-beds: and thus they may be pro- duced in 3ny Room or Garret, early in the Spring, and fo on till late in Autumn, till the cold Weather comes in, and afterwards in the middle of Winter, in a Room where a conftant Fire is kept. 1 had feveral Sallads laft Spring, and this Autumn, by fowing dif- ferent forts every Week one under another, in fmall half-penny Pols, as Letticey CreJJ'es, White Mujt- ard, Rape , and Raddijh^ which in a Fortnight after fowing would be fit to cut } fo that keeping a proper Succefiion, 1 had every Week a tolerable Sallad for two or three Perfons. My way of fowing of thefe Seeds, is to have a piece of Lead bored full of holes, and made to fit the Tot, about half an inch below the Top ; then filling it with Water, I take a little clean Wool, and fpread it even and thin, upon the furface of the Lead, quite ( 275 ) quite home to the (ides of the Pot, which will then look like a Jelly 5 if there is too much Water, I pour it off, till the Wool only appears cover’d or fill’d with Water ; then 1 fow the Seed pretty thick, and in forty-eight Hours it will begin to chip, and in a Fortnight after fowing will be fit to cut for a Sallad. I obferv’d from feveral Experiments, that any of thefe Plants tranfplanted out of the Earth into W ater would not thrive kindly ; but thofe raifed in Water may be tranfplanted into Earth, fo that this Method of railing Seeds in Water may be of ufe in a dry Seafon, to be pricked out into the Earth, though they will not come up in fuch a Seafon, if fowed in the Ground, yet tranfplanted from Water they will take as freely to the Earth as if raifed in it. I don’t know but from the foregoing Experiments in Water, we may come at a better Way of planting in the Earth, efpecially fome Roots, which are apt to rot in the Ground, as Anemones , RanuncuJos, and Hyacinths : from an Obfervation I have frequently made, but never before took notice enough to improve it, which is, that I have often feen a Bulb drop’d by chance upon the Ground, ftrike out Fibres (tronger and more numerous than thofe planted in their ufual depth of Earth would do. The ufe I would make of this Obfervation , is, that when I plant my Bulbs, I take out the Earth of the Bed, I defign to plant, as deep as the Bulbs or Roots are to ftand when planted, and place my Bulbs on the Surface, till the moifture of the Earth (hall have attracted their Fibres, and they begin to (hoot up their Plume, and then by degrees I cover them over to the thicknefs> of Mould, that they (hould ftand in, by which means they will be in no danger of rotting after they have got ftrong O o Fibres C *7* ) Fibres; for when we plant thefe Bulbs or Roots, it is generally either too wet or too dry ; if it be a wet Seafon,the Bulbs are too foon faturated with Moifture, which rots them ; and if it be too dry, they lie fo long, before they can attract Moifture enough to make them Vegetate, that they grow mouldy, and are render’d dry and hard as a piece of Stick, fo that the firfl Rain infallibly rots them. N. B. Thefe Experiments were made without the Benefit of any Sun, all my Windows having a Northern Expofition. As thefe Experiments have open’d a new Scene of Knowledge in the Vegetable World, and maybe of great Ufe in Natural Philofophy, and particu- larly improve the Art of Gardening; its to be hoped the Curious will carry on the Inquiry as they have Leifure and Opportunity. > .. ,4 « , f'*' / v \ » Directions for Planting Bulbous Roots in Pots or GlaJJes of Water. When the Leaden falfe Bottoms are fix’d down tight, within two or three Inches from the Bottom of the Pots (which is only defign’d to hold the Sticks Ready that are to fupport the Leaves and Steins of the Flowers) lay on the Lead, which is to fupport the Bulbs, placing the notched Part oppofite to that in the falfe Bottom, as near as the Sticks when placed will fuffer it ; then place your Bulbs in each Hole, and fill in Water up to the Lead, which will then touch the Bottom of the Bulb, and as the Water evapo. ( 177 ) evaporates, or perfpires, keep it fill’d to that height, till the Bulbs have ftruck their Fibres pretty ftrong into the Water, which may be in a Month or fix Weeks ; then fill in Water about half an Inch above the Lead, and by Degrees as the Fibres ftrengthen, and the Plume or Head fprouts, fill it higher and higher till the Bulbs be intirely buried under Water, which mufl be continued till the Seafon for drying them returns. But you muft obferve at the Planting the Bulbs to clean them very well from any Foulnefs they may have at their Bottoms, by fcraping them with the Point of a Knife, till the found part of the Bulb ap- pears, andlikewife clear them of all their loofe Skins, and even the brown Skin, till they appear White ; which otherwife will difcolour and foul the Water that fhould be kept as clear as poffible j and for this Reafon, the Notches in both the Leads are contriv’d, that upon fhifting all the Water out of the Pots, if there happens to be any Sediment, by fhaking the Pots once or twice as it is pour’d off, all the Foulnefs may come with it ; but this fhifting of the Water need not be done but once or twice in a Winter, or when ever you fee occafion by the Difcolouring or Foulnefs of it ; and at the fame Time it will be ne» ceffary with a Painter’s Brufh to clean off all Slimy- nefs that will adhere to the Sides of the Pots and Bulbs, and rince them well, by pouring Water on them at a little Diftance : By this method they may be kept perfectly clean ; and at any time when the outward Skins of the Bulbs loolen and begin to decay, clear them off, which otherwife would occafion Foulnefs j and when ever you fee Dull fwimming on the furface - O o a of ( 278 ) of the Water, fill the Pot fall, and let it run over, which will carry it all off, and then pour off the Water to its ufual height. N. B. Plant Bulbs of equal bignefs, at leaft in height, together in the fame Pot, that they may have the fame Benefit of the Water ; therefore I plant Narcijfus and Hyacinths and Bulbs of that fize toge- ther } 7" ulips and Junquils, dec. by themfelves; and Crocus and Snow-drops , dec. by themfelves. Bangor ’Court, Shoe-Lane , Decemb. 19, 1733. It A ( *79 ) II, A Catalogue of Eclipfes, of Jupiter’s Satel- lites, for the fear i by James HodgfoUj K 5. MafUr of the ^ oyal Mathematical School at Chrift’s-Hofpital, London. ■ The Number of Immerfions and Emerfions amounting to 418. Eclipses of the firfi Satellite of Jupiter. D. H. M. s. D. H. M. S. D. H. M. S. January February. March. Immerfions. Immerfions. Immerfions. 1 7 7 17 2 3 33 23 2 1 r 12 43 3 1 35 4 3 22' 1 53 4 5 41 3^ 4- 20 2 55 5 l6 30 26* 5 0 IO 3i 6 14 3° 48 7 10 59 0 7 18 39 25 . 8 8 58 43 9 5 27 34 9 13 8 21 10 3 26 40 10 23 56 10 1 1 7 37 *7 1 1 21 54 39 12 18 24 49* 13 2 6 13 *3 16 22 40 14 12 53 3i 14 -20 35 9 15 10 50 43 16 7 22 14 16 15 4 6* 17 5 18 48 18 1 50. 58 18 9 33 2 18 23 46. 56 19 20 *9 44 20 4 1 57 20 18 15 7* 21 14 48. 31 21 22 30 52 22 12 43 20 2 '3 9 *7 19 23 16 59 48* 24 7 1 1 35 25 3 46 10 25 1 1 28 42 26 1 39 52 26 22 15 0 27 5 57 37 27 20 8 1 1 28 16 43 53* 29 0 26 29 29 14 36 33 3° 18 55 24. 3i 9 4 57 April 6 V , ( 28o ) Eclipses of the firfi Satellite of Jupiter. D. H. M. S. D. H. M. S. D. H. M. S. __ 12 6 22 18 25 14 22 1 0* April. 14 0 50 37 27 8 50 29 Immerfions. 15 19 l8 54 29 3 18 50 17 13 47 a* 30 21 47 14 I J3 24 12 19 8 i5 24 3 7 53 3 21 2 43 39 July. 5 6 2 20 21 50 52 43 22 24 21 15 1 1 40 54 6* Emerfions. 8 *5 l9 32* 26 10 8 16 2 16 *5 40 10 9 48 18 28 4 36 26 4 IO 44 10* 12 4 i7 3 29 23 4 36 6 5 12 42 22 45 48 31 17 32 45 7 23 4i *4 1 5 17 14 33 9 18 9 48 *7 11 43 16 June. 11 12 38 26* i9 21 6 0 11 40 56 34 Immerfions x3 15 7 1 7 35 5 44 22 19 9 16 2 12 0 55* 16 20 4 25 24 13 37 46* 4 6 29 5 18 14 33 9* 26 8 6 21 6 0 57 16 20 9 1 58 28 2 34 54 7 *9 25 2 5 22 3 30 46 29 21 3 26 9 13 53 34* 23 21 59 38 1 1 8 21 44 25 16 28 3° May. !3 2 49 56 27 10 57 25* Immerfions »- 14 21 18 6 29 5 26 22 ■ >■/ l6 15 46 1 '8* 30 23 55 22 I i5 3i 57 l8 10 14 33 3 10 4 0 28 21 46 Emerfions, August. %/ 6 T 22 57 10 20 6 57 17 Emerfions. 8 17 25 34 22 1 25 34 1 18 24 24 10 1 1 53 57* 23 *9- 53 5 1 3 12 53 28 5 ( i8> ) Eclipses of the firfi Satellite of Jupiter. D. H. M. S. D. H. M. s. D. H. M. S. 5 7 22 33* 23 21 4 I 5 8 38 3* 7 I 51 39 25 15 33 22 7 3 6 52 8 20 20 4 6 27 IO 2 40* 8 21 35 11 IO 14 49 56 29 4 31 57 10 1 6 3 3° 12 9 19 30 23 1 12 12 10 3i 48 14 3 48 25 14 5 0 3* *5 22 17 42 October « 15 23 28 14 i7 16 46 58 Emerfions. 47 i7 5^ 24 *9 1 1 10 14* *9 12 24 30 2 I 5 45 33 2 17 30 27 21 6 52 36 23 0 14 53 4 1 1 59 36 23 1 20 39 24 18 44 16 6 6 28 46* 24 r9 48 38 26 13 *3 39 8 0 57 52 26 14 16 33 28 7 43 2* 9 J9 26 S8 28 8 44 2$ 30 2 12 27 u 13 5^ 0 30 3 12 20 3i 20 4i 52 13 8 25 2* m 2 54 1 December. September. Emerfions. 16 18 20 21 15 10 22 5 1 20 58 50 42 * I Emerfions 21 40 15 2 15 1 1 16 22 4 49 3i 3 16 8 6 4 9 40 40* 23 23 18. l9 5 10 35 57 6 4 10 6 25 17 47 2 7 5 3 47* 7 22 39 30 27 12 15 44 8 23 3i 36 9 J7 8 5^ 29 6 44 20* 10 17 59 23 1 1 1 1 38 21 31 1 12 56 12 12 27 11 *3 6 7 47 14 6 54 59 15 0 37 J3 November 16 1 22 46 16 6 35 Emerfions r7 19 50 35 18 13 35 58 l9 14 18 25 20 8 5 22* 1 19. 41 3i Jupiter and the Sun 22 2 34' 42 3 14 10 3 in , Conjunction. Janvt-. ( z2z ) Eclipses of the fecond Satellite of Jupiter. D. H. M. S. January. Immerfions. 2 17 27 57 6 6 44 17 9 20 o 40 1 3 9 17 *4 16 22 34 4 20 11 50 59 182 14 25 H 3 42 36 D. H. M. S 14 19 20 15 18 8 38 45 21 21 57 15 25 11 15 44 29 24 27 Ji February. Immerfions. 3 17 0 7* 7 6 17 51 10 19 35 38 14 8 53- 34 17 22 II 39 21 II 29 48 2£ O 48 2 28 14 6 24 March. Immerfions. 4 3 ^24 48 7 16 43 15* 11 6 1 44 0 34 9 4 13 9 4* 8 2 26 1 April. 11 15 43 2# Immerfions. 15 18 5 18 0 17 3 12 1 13 52 33: 5 3 10 53 8 16 29 10 12 5 47 20 1 5 19 5 27 19 8 23 29 22 21 41 21 26 10 59 10 30 o 16 56 May. Immerfions. 3 ,13 34 21* 7 2 51 50 10 16 9 15* H 5 26 34 J7 18 43 48 21 8 o 59 24 2 1 1.8 4 28 10 23 . 4 31 23 52 3 D. H. M. S. June. Immerfions. Emerfions. 22 10 22 30* 25 23 39 51 29 I2 57 14* July. Emerfions. 3 2 14 48 6 *5 32 36 10 4 50 i5 13 18 8 27 17 7 26 32 20 20 44 50 24 10 3 16* 27 23 21 48 31 12 40 30* August. Emerfions. 4 1 59 13 7 *5 18 12 f 1 ( *8? ) Eclipses of the fecond Satellite of Jupiter. D. H. M. S. D. H. M. s. D. h. M. S. II 4 37 15 1 1 14 50 4 14 17 56 31 October. 25 4 7 19 18 7 15 50* • Emerfions. 18 17 24 20 21 20 35 10 22 6 4i 17* z5 9 54 40* 3 12 29 I 25 19 57 5^ 28 23 H 13 7 1 48 7 29 9 14 3i 10 15 7 1 September. 14 4 25 5i - O December. Emerfions. r7 21 J7 7 44 2 Zo 57* Emerfions. 1 12 33 47 24 20 21 1 6 2 22 3i 6 5 1 53 21 28 9 39 z3 6 1 1 47 29 8 i#5 12 5^ 3i 22 57 zo 10 1 3 5r 12 4 32 32 *3 14 20 10 17 5Z 6 November. J7 3 36 28 19 7 1 1 39* Emerfions. 20 16 52 50 22 20 3 1 4 26 9 50 3°* 4 12 15 0 Jupiter and the ^Sun 29 23 9 50 8 1 32 38 in Conjunction. Eclipses of the third Satellite of Jupiter. January. Immerfions. 7 io 4 2 50 14 14 39 l7 21 18 36 23 * 2 8 22 3 4 3 Emerfions. *1 *1 35 15 29 1 33 45 February. Immerfions. 5 2. 3Z 25 12 6 31 1 6 19 10 30 42, 26 14 30 29 Emerfions. 5 3Z 57 9 3Z }8 19 l3 3Z 54 16 17 33 31# March. Immerfions. 5 18 30 45 12 22 31 9 20 2 31 31 ) They fay that there was not put into the whole Sallad, more than what grows upon one of thefe Roots. Feb. %th, 17 32. IV. Defcriptio LuMlNUM BoREALIUM Vt- temberg# Amo CI3 I3CC XXXII. con/peclo- rum. Auttore Joh. Frider. Weidlero LL. D. Mathef. Trofejf. Pritnar . Vitemberg. S. S. NNO 1731, die 18 Febr. St. V. circa horam ix vefpertinam fereno coelo aurora borealis eni- tuit. Nimirum fub ieptemtrionibus arcus ater 20 gradibus parte fui media elevatus hora ix confpec- tus eft, cum paulo ante eadem velpera coelum ibidem ferenum fuiflet notatum. Imminens atro illi arcui coeli regio Candida erat, atque ex hac fubinde erum- pebant folit® luminis borei radiationes, five py- ramides luminofe, turn etiam vapores caudidi perte- nues, qui inftar nubecularum celeri motu verfas ver- ticem ferebantur. Hora x aliquamdiu ceflare motus materi® lumi- nofx videbatur ; mox tamen vapores albi undarum lpecie iterum ex alba ilia coeli regione prodibant : imago autem tentorii prope verticem vifa non fait. Hora x. min. 30. alba arcus caliginofi fafcia dilatabatur, fed vapores lucidi inde parcius exibant. Pyramides lucid® utrimque prope Septentrionis cardinem enafcebantur. Vapores vero fludfuantes verfus occafum erant firequentiores. Ass perpetuo tranquillus erat. Q-q Anno ( 292 ) Anno 1731, die ix Odtobris, St. V. ftatirfi pofl horam vi vefpertinara iterum eluxit aurora borealis. Nempe arcus caliginofus inter NNW. &C NE. expan- debatur. Supra eum clara eminebat coeli regio, circiter 10 gradus lata, non accurate arcus figuram exprimens. Latior portio in occafum a cardine Septentrionis 10 circiter gradibus declinabat; atque hinc, tanquam ex materia lucentis fonte, hora vi, min. go, exibant plurimae candidae pyrami- des, quae fere ipfum Zenith aflequebantur : non- nullae ex iis rubebant, citoque evanefcebant, una ea- rum in Zenith ufque, inter coronam Sc Herculem porre&a diutius fubfiftebat, unam tantum radiatio- nem verfus N E obfervavi. Intra quadrantem horse hie luminum borealium lufus finiebatur. Nubes,,quae antea verfus occafum haerebant, auftro impulfae dif- fundebantur & in ortum contendebant. Sub ill is ta- men verfus ortum remands lucida regio, & arcus niger infra horizontem condebatur, arcus candidus nigro imminens una cum nubibus infra horizontem defeendebat, & difiipata turn caligine, turn nubibus tenuibus hora vii coelo undiquaque ferenitas redde- batur. Tota tamen node lumen tenue partem ho- rizontis feptentrionalem occupavit. Praeter haec, qux ipfemet contemplatus fum, lu- mina borealia etiam alia minus fplendida luxifle di- cuntur, Diebus 10 Martii, 13 Aprilis, 11 Augufli, 30 Augufli, St. V. led de phsenomenis eorum fingula- ribus nihil certi habeo compertum. Casterum his aliilque, quas fuperioribus annis cepi, illius Lucis obfervationibus, magis magifque moveor ut credam, habere earn omnino fedem fuam circa polum magneticum, yei faltem inde ejus mo- turn 1 ( ) turn quodammodo regi & determinari, quod pro fumma, qua poller, ingenij fagacitate perfpexic pri- mus illuftris Halleius. De effe<3u aurore borealis nondum fatis luculen- ter conftat. Taiitum illud notavi, nunquam non unumplurefvedies perquam ierenos illiusdeflagratio- nem proxime fubfequi. Sueci Norwegique, quibus fiepius hoc phenomenon apparet, longa experientia didicifle dicuntur, quod lux borea, quando circa autumni initium frequentius exfplendefcit, tempera- tiorem auram & Iargam meflem promitrat, quaprop- ter auroram borealem vulgari lermone, JkolltUlOft, five fegetis maturationem appellant. Iidem auroras Septentrionales hibernas, fiepe recurrentes, pro fri- goris afperioris indicio preiagiove habent, quemad- modum narrat D. Leopold in relarione epiftolica de itinere foo Suecico ad V. CL. Joan. Woodwardum, p. 19. Edit. Londini, A. 17x0. Priori hypothefi con- formia font experimenta, autumno Anni 1 73 1, noftro in Climate capta. Menfe enim Odtobri illius Anni diebus iv, vn, vni, x, xxxii. St. N. Lumen boreale& frequentiffimum & fplendidiffimum nota- vimus, idemque poftea tempeftas adeo opportuna frugibus excepit, ut ditiffiraos agrorum hortorum- que proventus Anno 1731, collegerimus. ( *94 ) y; Narratio- ^Erucarume^ Locuftarum, ^ro5 Vitemberga Yicinos aliquot abhinc Amis yajlarunt , interim , Autiore Joh. Fricl. Weid- lero, ^ 5. 5. EX obfervationibus fingularibus Anni 1732, com- memoratione dignum eft exitium eracarum & lo- cuftarum, qus abhinc pluribus annis, in borealicirculi Saxonici tradu, in Marchia Brandenburgica & Lufetia, & forfan aliis quoque in locis, fruges miferandum in modum depaverunt. Utrumque iqj^di genus Vere Anni 173a, incredibili multitjudine ex feminibusfuis exclufum prodibar. Erucae mox folia tam fylveftrium . quamfrugiferarumarborum,multis in locis tantum non omnia exedebant ; locufts quoque maxima, qusprae- terlapfis Annis dederant, damna frugibus iterum mi- nabantur. Iraque ruricols foveas paffim laboriofiflime facere, & locuftas, nondum fat validis ad avolandum alis inftrudas in eas congregare, eafque injecta terra obruete atque interficere coeperunt. Sed hscpaupe- rum colonorjim folertia parum erat profutura, nifi op- tirni maximinuminisbeneficio, tempeftatisquibufdam incommodis base infeda fic fuiftent fatigata acque enervata, ut omnia ineunte sftate, antequam femina nova potuiffent deponere, brevi tempore perirent. Scilicet; poftquam blandus foliscalor, circa menfis Aprilis St. V. principium maturius utrumque infedum e nidis fuis evocaverat, mox frigus. aliquot nodium vehementius, e. g. d. 15, 1 6, 17, 18 Aprilis, St. V. turn quoque imbres frigidi largiftimique, d. 21, Aprilis & 19 Maij, & deinceps etiam pluvis ferme quotidians copiofiftimsque circa finem Maij, 8c magna Jr ( *95 ) magna parte menfis Junij Si Julij fequebantur, hifquc ex caufis evenit, ut noxia haec animalcula nec molis corporis foi, nec virium folita capere poffent incrementa. Itaque erucse 8c locuftse circa menfis Junij initium, exilia adhuc corpora, nec juftam membrorum menfuram, in quam circa hoc anni tempus alias excreverant, habuerunt. Locuftae figih latim, humoris quippe impatientes, ineunte menfe Julio, mortuae paflim in agris repertae funt, plurimae- que earum, quse ne iinbrium aquis mergerentur, in longiores herbarum florumque caules infilierant, iildemque oribus firmiter adhasferant, ex hisexanimes pependerunt. Hanc interims locufiarum non impro- babilem efle caufam, inde luculenter fatis intelligi- tur, quia experientia docuit, hoc infedti genus agros tantum editiores <3c ficciores tenuifle ibidemque etiam nidulatum efle, valles autem humiles Temper devitaffe. De figura harum locuftarum fiiendum non eft, eas diverfam prx fe tuliffe fpeciem a viridi- bus illis quae quotannis. fed parvo numero in pratis agrifque confitis obvix font. Capitis nempe & tergi color niger nonnullarum etiam grifeus erat, qui puncftis flavis interfperfis tanquam maculis diftin- guebatur; Venter flavefcebat, pedum pofteriorum mufculi rubebant, & cum volarent, purpureum colo- rem referebant. Longitudo corporis plerarumque fefquipollicem non foperabat, notavi tamen A. 1731, M. Augufto, aduftas quafdam duobus pedis geom. digitis longiores. Eodem menfe mas & foemina coibanr, ovula plufquam triginta unus venter gefo tabat. Ovula pofoere in foraminibus in terra fadtis, iifqne matres immortux font, fmiente menfe Sep- tembri. Narratum mihi eft eas, cum prirnum ante qua- ( *9* ) quadriennium ex Polonia per Lufatiam& Marchiam hue appellereut, media asftate catervatim alte in aere fupra $des turrefque advoiafle, nt eminus nubis fpeciena mentirentur. Quo confederunt loco, ibi terram omnem operueruut, atque inde longe lateque diffufs fuerunt. De damnis quas perniciofiflimum hoc inle<5tum vicinis Vitembergre campis editiori- bus,nam in iplam vallem prope Vitembergam locuft® non penetrarunt, fed in collibus, qui 1500 circiter pafTibus geometricis ab hac urbe abfunt, fiibftiterunt, <3c inde ulterius verlus Marchiam & Lufatiam pro- cefTerunt,attulit, ni fallor, inexcerptis obfervationum Anni I73iretuli. Amabant fupremas Ipicarum mol- liores cufpides, queis ut commodius fruerentur, torain Ipicam immaturam decerpebant, idque nodtu inpri- mis fiebat. Una fa:pe nodte pleralque mtegri jugeri fpicas fic in terram proftratas a locuftis fuifFe fide digni viri mihi confirmarunt, quapropter nonnullis inpagis ne lementem quidem pauperes coloni ex agris luis collegerunt. VI. Claufula excerpta, ex Hiftoria Variolarum quae per Incifionem excitantur, ab E. Timoni, M T>. Scripts, 5. CommunicaVit Sam. Horfeman, M. D. FU I T primb nonnullus qui novacula cutim fein- debar,, eique Variolarum includeret tubercula exiccata, fadta defuper ligatura : Sed prxter dolo- rem, qui tameu in pueris relu&antibas multum dif- ficultatis adfert, calls Operatio non bene fuccelfit. Ali- ( * 97 ) Aliquando enim tarde & cum peflimorum Symp- tomatum Satellitio erupere variolas; aliquando in- caflum ceflit Incifio ; ilia tamen loca Inoculationis ulceribus cacoecheis repleta fuerunr. Nonnullis etiam lsthalis fuit ralis Operatio : Mumia enim fermen- tativa, e marcidis iftis tuberculis, rancida ac veluti cadaverizata non folum expetito fcopo haud fatisfa- cit, fed pravam fanguini poteft communicare putri- laginem. * VII. An Abflraft of a Letter from Petrus Van Mufchenbroek, M D. F. S. Trofeffor of Mdtbematicks and Aftronomy in the Univerjity of Utrecht, in Holland ; to Dr. J. T. Defa- guliers, F. S', concerning Experiments made on the Indian Magnetick-Sand. SI R, I Don’t know whether I dare take up your Time with my Trifles ; yet I’ll venture for once to ac- quaint you with fome things concerning the Indian - Sand, which is attrafted by the Load (bone. The Indian-Sand which is brought to Holland , is Laid to be chiefly gather’d upon the Sea-lhore in Perjia ; then it is boiled in Water, to free it from its Saltnefs, and it is after this a black Powder, con- fining of Grains of different Bignefs ; fome of which have a very rough Surface, and others have one part of their Surface fomething rough, and the other very fhining: Their Figure is very irregular, like Grains of com- ( ip8 ) common Sand, only this Indian-Saiid is (mailer. Thefe little Lumps have neither Tafte nor Smell, and are friable, foas to be eafily reduc’d to a very fubtile Pow. der. It has fome Parts, which are ftrongly attraded by the Loadflone ; and others fo very inactive, as fcarcely tofeem to be magnetical: the ftrongeft are the black- ed ; but the ina&ive ones are more (hiring, and more inclining to the Colour of Lead ; thefe are in the greateft Quantity, and from them the others are got out by a Loadflone. The Ingenious Moutenus has examin’d feveral ways fuch a kind of Sand which is brought from Virginia, anddefcrib’d it in the Philof. Tranf. N° 197. I have examin’d the Indian-Sand another way ; of which, I have given an Account in my Phyjical Dijfertations , pag. 117 ; but a great deal ftill remain’d to be confidered, and as there is a great deal more of this Subftance of the Lazy or Inactive, than of the Aftive or Magnetick fort, it was proper to try whether a Magnetick Virtue might not be excited or increafed in all of it j and after a few Trials I found the Thing to fucceed. I fufpe&ed that there might perhaps be too great a quantity of Sulphur adhering to the Sand, to fuffer it to be turn’d into any Metalline Regulus by a long Continuance in the Fire j therefore, 1 toafted it in an open Crucible for two Hours with half the quantity of Pot-a(h ; afterwards I wafhed away the Salt with Water, and the Sand remain’d much blacker than before, of which I found more than a Quarter endued with a greater Magnetick Force. I do not fcruple to attribute this Virtue to the Salt; becaufe, tho' the Adion of the Fire alone does encreafe the Force of the Sand, yef ( * 99 ) yet it does not give it- near fo much attractive Force. Becaufe common black Soap is made of Oil boiled with a Lixivium ofPot-alh,Ihad a mind to try whe- ther Soap might not do more than Salt alone in raif- ing the Virtue in the Sand ; fo I mix’d the Sand with an equal quantity of Soap, which I firft ex- pos’d to a gentle Fire in an open Crucible, to dry up the Soap which fwells very much ; then the Fire was encreas’d for three quarters of an Hour, all the oily Subftance wholly confum’d, and the Matter in the Crucible was ftrongly fir’d ; then afterwards boiling it in Water, and walhing it well, I obtain’d a black Sand , which was all endued with a lively attracting Force. Very well pleas’d with this Sue- cefs, I had a Mind to try whether I might -raife a greater Force in it ; wherefore I again roafted it with black Soap as before, and even a third Time ; but no Addition was thereby made to its Virtue: I find that flaying too long in the Fire is as prejudicial as flaying too fliort a Time, between half an Hour and an Hour feem’d to me the moft proper fpace of Time. After, I added to the black Soap half of Salt of cf artar, and mix'd thereto an equal quantity of Sand ; which, when it had been expofed to a rever- beratory Fire - of an Hour in a Crucible, I walh’d in Water ; and then fo great was the Virtue of the Sand, that if it did not exceed the former, at leaft it was equal to it. Becaufe I had obferv’d the Oilinefs of the Soap to conduce much to excite the Vertue in the Sand ; I R r mix’d ( 3°° ) mix’d Beef-Tallow with an equal quantity of Sand » and having very well clos’d the Crucible, I expos’d the whole Mafs to a reverberatory Fire for two Hours, whereby the Sand became much blacker, and receiv’d a great deal of attraftive Virtue: but that •Sand became much more active which was burn’d two Hours with an equal quantity of Pitch, as likewife very black, fubtile, and very little (hining: but when it was expofed a longer Time in the fame Crucible, I obferv’d it to be weaker \ asalfo, when it was in the Crucible with the Pitch but j of an Hour, it fcarce acquir’d any Virtue y fo that there mull be a determin’d Aftion of Fire to raife the Vertue in the Sand. Yet I cou’d not raife a greater Virtue in the Sand than by the means following, viz, mixing the Sand in the Crucible with equal parts of Rofin, Pitch, Frankinfence, and Rape Oil, and expofing it to a reverberatory Fire for an Hour, having firft well clos’d up the Crucible. Between the black Coals of the oily Matter, therefticks a very black Sand , which leaps up fwiftly to the Loadftone, as foon as it is brought near it. Then I conlider’d whether the Sand did not acquire the greateft Force as it came nearer to the Nature of Steel, by burning it with the Bodies abovemention’d ; and fufpefting this, in order to try it, I put it among fuch Bodies as turn Iron into Steel, according to the Operations defcrib’d by that great Experimenter Monf .Reaumur, in that excel- lent Book, entitluled, The Art of turning Iron into Steel. I took therefore three parts of Sand, two parts of Chimney-Soot ; and of Sea-Salt, Powder’d Charcoal, and Allies, . one Part each. Having ac- curately ( l 01 ) curately mix’d all thefe Bodies together, they were expos’d for fix Hours in a clofe Crucible to a ftrong Fire; and then the whole Mafs was boil’d and waih’d in Water, then dried, and fo received a great deal of attrafting Force i but it was not near fo aftive as that which was prepar’d with Soap, or in the man- ner laft defcrib’d. And now, what can this Sand be? Is it an imper- fed Magnet, or fubtile Powder of it, which when it is grown up into a greater Lump, makes the vulgar Load Hones? So 1 conjectur'd at firft ; but when I found by Experience that common Loadftones expos’d to the Fire, according to fome of the Methods above- mention'd, did rather lofe of their Force than gain, I alter’d my Opinion ; and now confefs that I have not yet penetrated into the Knowledge of the Nature of this Matter. Whatever it be, it is certain that there are fevera kinds of this Sand , brought from different Countries of the Earth : For it is brought from PerJIa ; fome is brought from Virginia \ there is another fort in Italy, which is common enough at Leghorn , and this laft is naturally very attraftive ; there are two forts found in the Eber, a River of Haflia\ of which, one is like the Italian , and the other coniifts of large Grains, almoft as big as Hemp-Seed, but fcarce having any Virtue. I have befides a very ftrong Sort, which I am told was got near old Ragufa in Dalmatia. No Body knows how many kinds of this Sand there are: that Time, and the diligent Obfervations of Philofophers miift hereafter Ihew. I herewith fend you a little Box, containing one Paper with the natural Sand ; another, the Sand after R r x having ( 50Z ) having burn’d it with Soap in the manner defcrib’d. It is no Treafure ; but if you have none of it, it may be worth your Acceptance. I am, Sir, Utrecht , Jan. Your, &c. &c. ifth, 1733.O.S. Petrus Fan Mufcbenbroek. VI I r. An Account of fome ObferVations ?nade in London, by Mr. George Graham, F. S. and at Black- River in Jamaica, byCoVm Camp- bell, Efq^ F. p. S. concerning the Going of a Clock 3 in order to determine the Difference be- tween the Lengths of lfochronal Pendulums in thofe Places. Communicated by J. Bradley, M. A. Ajlr. Prof. SaVill. Oxon. F. P. S. ALtho' it is now above Sixty Years fince Mr. Richer firft difcovered, that Pendulums of the fame Length, do not perform their Vibrations in equal Times in different Latitudes ; and tho* feveral Experiments made fince in different parts of the Earth concur to prove,- that Pendulums fwinging Seconds are in general fhorter as we approach the Equator; yet what the real Difference is between their Lengths in different Latitudes, does not feem to have been determined with fufficient Exadnefs, by ( 30? ) by the Obfervations that have hitherto been commu- nicated to the Publick ; as may be gathered from the 20th Propofition of the third Book of Sir Ifaac New- ton's Principia, where they are compared as well with each other, as with the Theory of that illuftri- ous Author. It were therefore to be wilhed, that more of this kind of Experiments could be made with greater Accuracy in proper Places, by fuch Perfons as have fufficient Skill and Opportunities to do it ; that we might thereby be enabled to judge with more Certainty, concerning the true Figure of the Earth, and the Nature of its conflituent Parts. As an Inducement to fuch as may have it in their Power to put the like again into P raftice ; I fhall lay before the Society, an Account of a very curious Experiment of this fort lately made in Jamaica , by our worthy Member Colin Campbell , Efq* whole Knowledge and Abilities in every relpeft qualifies him for the Improvement of Arts and Sciences ; and whofe Genius prompts him to cultivate them lb affi- duoufly, that I doubt not but we (hall foon have the Satisfaction of receiving many other valuable Obfer- vations from him, particularly fuch as relate to Aftro- nomy j he having furnilhed himfelf with an Appara- tus of Inflruments not unworthy the Obfervatory of a Prince. Among thefe is a Clock whofe Pendulum vibrates Seconds, made by our ingenious Member Mr. George Graham , juflly efteem’d for his great Skill in Mechanicks •, who judging that an Opportu- nity was now offered of trying with the utmoft Ex- acinefs, what is the true Difference between the Lengths of Ifochronal Pendulums at London and Ja- maica^ ( 3 ) mate a, readily embraced it-, and in framing the Parts of the Clock, carefully contrived, that its Pendulum might at pleafure be reduced to the fame Length, whenever there Ihouid be occafion to remove the Clock from one Place, and let it up in another. This Clock being chiefly defigned for Aftronomical Obfervations, had no finking Part, and its Pendu- lum was adjufted to fuch a. Length, that in London it vibrated Seconds, of Siderial, and not of Solar Time. When it was finilhed, Mr. Graham fix’d it up in a Room fituated backward from the Street, and on the Northfide of his Houfe, to prevent its being diflurbed by Coaches, or other Carriages that paflea thro' the Street, and that it might be as little effe&ed by the Sun as poffible. Having fet it going, he com. pared it with theTranfits of the Star Lucida Aquil# over the Meridian, which pafled th h. / ,t/ ao at 8 59 1 5 "I .12 at 8 59 1 8 I . a 13 at 8 59 2ot I u&iftt Zf. at g zz | by the Clock. 2,8 at 8 59 251 at 8 59 2 6 30 at 8 59 27 * Hence it appears, that the Clock gain’d twelve Se- conds in ten Apparent Revolutions of the Star. In order to eftimate how much the Pendulum may be lengthened by greater Degrees of Heat, or how much flower the Clock would go on that Account, when ( ) when removed into a warmer Climate, a Thermo* meter was fixed by the fide of it ; and between the Hours of Ten and Eleven in the Morning, and at Night, notice was taken at what Height the Spirits flood, and the mean Height for each Day was as follows. th Therm. 21 3i$ Divifions. aa 3oi 23 281 24 27i 2.5 284 Hence the mean Height 26 271 for all thefe Days was 27 271 about 282 Divifions. 28 271 29 271 30 2ji The Clock-weight that keeps the Pendulum in Motion is 12 lb. io\ez. and is to be wound up once in a Month. The Weight of the Pendulum itfelf is feventeen Pounds, and (during the Time that the Clock was compared with the Tranfits of the Star) it vibrated each way from the Perpendicular i° 45'. The Magnitude of the Vibrations was eftimated by means of a Brafs Arc, which was fixed juft under the lower end of the Rod of the Pendulum, and divided into Degrees, &c. Auguji 31, Mr. Graham took off the Weight be* longing to the Clock, and hung on another of 6lb. 30Z. and with this Weight the Pendulum vibrated only i° 15' on each fidej and the Clock went one Second Auguji, 1731* ( ;o 6 ) Second and an half flower in 14 Hours, -than when its own Weight of 1 ilk. io?0.s. was hung on. This Experiment (hews, that a fmall Difference in the Arcs defcribed by the Pendulum, or a fmall Al- teration in the Weight that keeps it in Motion, will caufe no great Difference in the Duration of the Vi- brations-, and therefore a little Alteration in the Te- nacity of the Oil upon the Pivots, or in the Foulnefs of the Clock, will not caufe it to accelerate, or retard its Motion fenfibly ; from whence we may conclude, that whatever Difference there fhall appear to be, be- tween the going of the Clock at London and in Ja- maica, it mud wholly proceed from the lengthening of the Pendulum by Heat, and the Diminution of the Force of Gravity upon it. A particular written Account of the Obfervations and Experiments hitherto taken Notice of, was deli- vered to me by Mr. Graham in September, 1731 ; about the fame Time the Clock was put on Ship- board to be carried to Jamaica. He likewife fent very full Direftions to Mr. Campbell , defcribing in what manner the 'dock was to be fixed up, and how the Pendulum might be reduced exaftly to the fame State as it was when in England ; but no Intimation was given concerning the going of the Clock, that the Experiment might be made with all poflible Care, and Caution, and without any Byafs, or Prejudice, in favour of any Hypothefis, or former Obferva- tions. In July 1731, we received an Account of the Succefs of the Experiment, by the Hands of Mr. Jcfeph Harris, who was prefent at the making of it in Jamaica , whither he went the Year before with ( 3°7 ) with Mr. Campbell, in order toaffift him in his De- fign of ereding an Obfervatory for the Improvement of Aftronomy, and the Promoting other parts of Na- tural Knowledge in that Ifland: But his ill State of Health obliging him to return into England , he brought with him the Original Journal of the Obfer- vations of the Tranfitsof two Stars (viz. Syrius & |3 Cants Major is) over the Meridian, compared with the Clock, after it was fixed up in Jamaica, as Mr. Graham had directed ; together with the Height of the Spirits of the forementioned Thermometer, upon the feveral Days of Obfervation,_ The chief of thofe Obfervations are contained in the following Table, the F irfl Column whereof Ihews the Day of the Month j the Second, the Name of the Star, and the Time by the Clock of its obferved Tranfit over the Meridian j the Third contains the Hour of the Day, when the Thermometer was obfer- ved, together with the Height of the Spirits at thofe Hours ; the Morning Hours being denoted by the letter A, and thofe of the Afternoon, by the Let- ter P. 1732 ^ O Time of §;| Tranfit. CO Thermo- meter. Hour of Day. ! A732 1 Canis Majoris. Time of Tranfit. Hour of Day. Thermo- meter. fan. h / " h -r 1 Jan. h / n h 23 P it 59 50 io|A i4i { 26 II 53 35 8 A 20 * 12 22 14 91P n ■ * 11 16 00 2 P ^ p 8^ 24 Cloudy. niA 15^ 9 “ I O 7A 2 P 9IP _ r *5 H II 55 40 *1218 4 8ia 172 i'j 27 /3 II * 11 51 13 3 1 55 1 7* 83 ( ) 1732 £ 0 Q Time of 3. Tranfil. r ^ ug ^ 0 3 | 5 3 CO *' >-*■> * O 1 Jan. h i n h 2.8 73 I I 49 26 7 A 20j it I 2 n 51 2 P II 10 P I 2 29 ^3 I 1 47 21 6AA J9 At 12 9. 46 3 l 9r 9 1 1 7 A* 207 3° Cloudy. 4? 7 n P 13 3 1 ‘ 1 -J 1 1 43 I2 7 A 20 A 12 5 37 9P Feb. ,3 1 1 Hr> CO 10 A 184 1 A 1 2 • 3 33 11 P 16 z ,3 1 1 39 0 9iA *7i 12 1 237 2 P 9 5 P 6 9 P 81 3 3 1 1 36 53 8iA *9 1 P 9- 9 P ' 9 * 4 3 1 1 34 46 6;A 18 1 1 57 1 2 97 9 P 8 | 5 3 1 1 32 40 7iA *9; % 1 1 55 5 3-;P 6 8'P 8 6 3 11 30 35 7 A 1 Si j X Cloudy. 4 r 8iP 7i 8 7 1 fi 1 1 23 31 7 A I 2 20L 1 2 1 X 1 1 50 55 8i P 8: 173 2 j?P Time of § 3. Tranfit. CO * Thermo- meter. Hour of Day. Feb. h ' " h 8 5 Cloudy. 6rA 21 r ^ 11 48 50 82P 8- 4 9 3 11 24 20 9rA 14 36 11 46 44 8-lP 8 10 3 II 22 127 7i A 16 * ii 44 37 1 ixA 10 3tP 3i * 8|P 6 11 3 1 1 20 6 7?A~T6“ * 1 1 42 30 12 9I 8iP 5X 12 3 1 1 1 8 0 10 A 171 ^ 11 40 24 12 13 BP 5i 13 Clouds. 9 A 17 8 P 6 14 * Cloudy. 7l A 16 * 11 36 l5 12 11 8 P 10 15 Clouds. 9 A 18 12 i3i 8-P 7r 16 3 Cloudy. 8 A 14 * 11 32 4 8 P 7 17 18 11 7 34 12 12 “ II 29 59 8 P 64 18 3 11 5 29 12 12* :* 11 27 53 4 Tj ie Pendulum, during this Interval, vibrated about i° 52' each way from the Per- pendicular. The < ?op ) The Tranfits of the Stars over the Meridian, were obferved with a Telefcope, fix’d at Right Angles to an Horizontal Axis, whofe Ends lay exadtly Eaft and Weft ^ by the turning of which Axis, the Line of Col- limation of the Telefcope, was conftantly dire&ed in the Plane of the Meridian. This Inftrument was daily adjufted to a Mark, fix’d in the Meridian ; and in the Journal, between the 2d and 3d of February, the following Remark was made. N. B. This Day was hotter than ufual , as ap- pears by the Thermometer ; and the Tran ft t In- Jlrument had loft the Level a little , but after we had adjufted it, it pointed exaLlly to our Meri- dian Mark , and therefore we are at a Jofs for the Caufe of this Difterence in the Clock. From the foregoing Table it appears, that the Clock loft 5-4' 21" in 2 6 Revolutions of the Stars ; that is, about z' f’\ in one Revolution j the Difterence from this Medium fomewhat varying, upon account of a greater, or lefs degree of Heat on different Days. The Mean of all the obferved Heights of the Ther- mometer from January 26th, to February 18th, was about 125 Divifions t Therefore, the Difference between the mean Heights of the Thermometer, at Jamaica , and London, during the Intervals of the refpeftive Obfervations, was 154 Divifions; the Spi- rits ftanding fo much higher in Jamaica , becaufe of the greater Heat in that Eland. That we rnigl.. able to judge, how much the different Degrees of B. it, correfponding to any Num- ber of Divifions upon this Thermometer, would caufe S s 2 . the ( T»° ) the Clock to go flower, by lengthening its Pendulum, Mr. Graham took Notice of the lowed Point, to which the Spirits funk at London in the Winter, 1731 and the greateft Height to which they rofe in the foilow- ingSuminer; and comparing the Motion of the Spi* rits in this Thermometer, with the Alterations in ano- ther made with Qjaickfilver, which he has for fome Years madeufeof; he concluded, that at London the Spirits in this Thermometer would ftand ( ’comma - nibus Annis) about 60 Divifions higher in Summer than in Winter. By feveral Years Experience, he has likewife found, that his Clocks (of the fame fort with Mr. Camp- bell’s) when expofed, as ufual, to the different De- grees of Heat and Cold of our Climate, do not vary in their Motion above 27 or 30 Seconds in a Day. From thefe Obfervations and Experiments there- fore we may reafonably conclude, that fuflicient Al- lowance will be made for the Lengthening of the Pen- dulum by Heat, if we fuppofe the Clock, upon that Accounr, to go one Second in a Day flower, when the Spirits of this Thermometer ftand two Divifions higher, and in the fame Proportion for other Heights. Admitting then, that the mean Height of the Thermometer, while the Clock was compared with the Stars at Jamaica , exceeded that at London be- tween 15 and 20 Divifions? if we allow 8, or 9 Seconds, upon that Account, the remaining Differ- ence- muff be wholly owing to the Difference of the Force of Gravity in the two Places. Upon comparing the Obfervations, it appears, that in one apparent Revolution of the Stars, the Clock went 2' 6"; flower in Jamaica , than at London ; de- ducing r ( 311 ) du£ting therefore 8"i, on account of the greater Heat in Jamaica , there remains a Difference of i' which muff neceffarily arife from the Diminution of Gravity, in the Place neareft the Equator. I have allowed the Clock to have loll fomewhat more, on account of the Difference of Heat, than the mean Heights of the Thermometer may feein to re- quire, upon a Suppofition, that the total Heat of the Days, compared with the Cold of the Nights, bears a ' greater Proportion in Jamaica , than Lon- don ; but if that Suppofition be not admitted, then the Clock in Jamaica , mull have gone rather more than i1 58" in a Day flower than in England. Mr. Campbell's Obfervations were made at Black- River, in 1 8°. North Latitude. Now if wefuppofe, with Sir Jfaac Neve ton, that the Difference in the going of the Clock, is owing to the greater Elevation of the Parts of the Earth towards the ^Equator, it will follow from thefe Obfervations, and what is delivered by him in the 20th Prop, of the 3d Book of his Principia , that the /Equatorial Diameter is to the Polar, as 190 to 1893 the Difference between them being 41I Miles ; which is fomewhat greater than what Sir JJ'aac Newton had computed from his The- ory, upon the Suppofition of an uniform Denfity in all the Parts of the Earth. I Ihall not enter into the Difpute about the Figure of the Earth, but at prefent fuppofe, with Sir Ifaac Newton, that the Increafe of Gravity, as we recede from the iEquator, is nearly as the Square of the Sine of the Latitude ; and that the Difference in the Length of Pendulums, is proportional to the Aug- mentation, or Diminution of Gravity. Upon thefe ( 3i* ) Suppofitions, I colleft from the forementioned Qbfer- vations, that, if the Length of a Ample Pendulum (that fwings Seconds at London) be 39.12 6 Ehglijb Inches, the Length of one at the ^Equator, would be 39.00, and at the Poles 39.206. And (ab- ftraffing from the Alteration on account of different Degrees of Heat) a Pendulum Clock that would go true Time under the JEquator, will gain 3 > 48"' in a Day at the Poles; but the number of Seconds which it would gain in any other Latitude, would be to 3'. 48"! nearly, as the Square of the Sine of that Lati- tude is to the Square of the Radius : From whence it follows, that the Number of Seconds which a Clock will lofe in a Day, upon its Removal to a Place nearer to the Equator, will be to 3' 48";; nearly, as the Dif- ference between the Squares of the Sines of the Lati- tudes of the two Places to the Square of the Radius. Thus the Difference of the Squares of the Sines of 9 i°j, and 1 8°, the Latitudes of London, and Black- River being to the Square of the Radius, as 118 to 228-;, the Clock will go T 98" in a Day flower at Black-River than at London, as wasfound byOb- fervation. It may be hoped, that Mr. Campbell* s Succefs in this Experiment, and the little Trouble there is in making it, will induce thofe Gentlemen who may hereafter carry Pendulum-Clocks into diftant Coun- tries, to attempt a Repetition of it after his manner; that is, by keeping or reftoring the Pendulums of their Clocks to the fame Length in the different Places, and carefully comparing them with the Hea- vens, and at the fame Time taking notice of the differ- ent Degrees of Heat, by means of a Thermometer. From ( 3M > From a variety of fuch Experiments, we fhould be enabled to determine how far Sir Ifaac Newton's Theory is conformable to Truth, with much greater certainty than from thofe Trials which are made by actually meafuringthe Lengths of fimple Pendulums ; becaufe a Difference of one hundreth Part of an Inch, in the Length of a Pendulum, correfponds to Eleven Seconds in a Day ; and it being eafv to obferve how much a Clock gains, or luffs in a Day^ even to a {Ingle Second ; it is certain, that by means of a Clock, compared in the manner abovementioned, we may diftinguifh a Difference (in the Lengths of Ifochronal Pendulums) of one Thoufandth Part of an Inch, or lefs ^ whereas it will be fcarce poffible to meafure their true Lengths, without being liable to a greater Error than that. Befides, by taking Notice how much a Clock gains, or lofes, upon the falling or rifing of a Thermometer, we can better allow for the different Degrees of Heat in this, than in the other Method of making the Experiment, by a&ualMeafurement • fince it may not be eafy to determine how much the Meafure itfelf, which we make ufe of, will be length- ened by different Degrees of Heat. For thefe Reafons, I efteern Mr. Campbell' s Expe- riment to be the moft accurate of all that have hi- therto been made, and propereft to determine the Dif- ference of the Gravity of Bodies in different Latitudes and therefore I (hall fubjoin a Table, which I com- puted from it, containing the Difference of the Lengtli of a fimple pendulum, Twinging Seconds at the /Equa- tor, and at every fifth Degree of Latitude, together with the Number of Seconds that a Clock .would gain in a Day,, in thofe feveral Latitudes.,, fuppofing> . it / ' ( D4 ) it wetit true, when under the iEquator ; by means of which any one may readily compare other the like Obfervations with his ; and thereby dilcover whether the Alteration of Gravity in all Places be uniform, and agreeable to the Rule laid down by Sir Ifaac Newton or not. The Lati- tude of the Place. The Difference of the Length of the Pendu- lum in Parts of an Englijb Inch. Seconds gained by a Clock in one Day. Deg. Inch. Seconds. 5 O. OOl6 !- 7 10 O. 0062 6. 9 15 O. 0138 1 5- 3 20 O. 0246 26. 7 25 O. 0369 40. 8 30 O. 0516 57- 1 35 O. 0679 75- 1 40 O. 0853 94- 3 4 5 O. IO33 1 14. 1 The Difference The Lati- tude of the Place. of the Length of the Pendu- lum in Parts of an Englifh Inch. Seconds gained by a Clock in one Day. Deg. Inch. Seconds. 50 O. 12 134. O 55 O. 1386 153. 2 60 O. 1549 1 7 1 . 2 <55 O. 1696 1-S7. 5 70 O. 1824 201. 6 75 O. 1927 213. 0 80 O. 2003 221. 4 55 O. 2050 226. 5 90 vo O 6 228. 3 IX. A ( V5 ) IX. A Continuation of an Account of an EJfay towards a Natural Hiftory of Carolina, and the Bahama Iflands, by Mark Catesby, F. r. Mortimer, % S. Secret . ACcounts of the firft five Sets, which compofe the firft Volume of this beautiful Work, have been given inN°. 415,410, and 416, of thef zfranf actions. The Author defigns in this fecond Volume to exhibit the Ftp, Reptiles , Quadrupeds , and feveral forts of Plants n the former Volume having treated chiefly of the Birds and frees. This fixth Set, or firft Part of the fecond Volume, contains the Figures andOefcriptlons of Ftp. In Plate 1 . Umbla minor marina, maxillis longioribus. vid. Sloane Hift. Jam. Tab. 147. fig. 3. The Barracuda . The Flefh of this Ftp is very un- wholfome, and frequently poifonous. Fulpis Bahamenps. i. Perea marina Gtbbofa cinerea. The Mar- gat e-Fp. This is efteem’d very good Meat. Saurus ex cinereo nigricans. The Sea Spar row • Hawk. 3. Perea marina , pinna Dorp divifa. The Croker. This Ftp is tolerable good Meat. Perea marina rubra. The Squirrel. It is a good eating Ftp. 4. Perea marina , Rhomboidalis , fafeiata. The Pork-Fip. The Bahamians efteem this a good Ftp. T t Perea < ?'C ) Perea marina , pinnis branchialibus carens. The School-mafter. y. Perea marina , venenofa, pun flat a. The Rock ~Fijb. This Fijb is reckon’d the moft poifonous of any among the Bahama lilands. Many of thefe Fijb, which are poifonous in one Place, are not fo in another ; and tho’ the Inhabitants can give a near Guefs, yet they are fometimes miferably deceiv’d. 6. . Perea marina capite Jtriato. The Grunt. Albula Bahamenjis. The [ Bahama ] Mullet. It is efteemed a good eating Fijhy and is caught in great Plenty. 7. Perea marina punflieulata. The Negro Fijb. Perea marina , cauda nigra. The Black-Pi nil. 8. Hirundo. The Flying- Fifh. The Wings with which it flies in the Air, are only a Pair of very large Finns, which ferve as fuch in the Water, and make it a very fwift Swimmer. It is a good eating Fifh. Perea marina, Seflatrix. The Rudder- Fifh, fo called becaufe they are always feen following Ships, or flicking to the Rudders. Perea [fluviatilis gibbofa, ventre luteo. The Frefh - Wa ter- Pea rch. By fome called Ground- Pearch, from their burrowing into and covering themfelves in the Mud or Sand. 9. Purdus pinnis branchialibus carens. The Mangrove Snapper. It is efteemed pretty good Food. » 10. Purdus rhomboidalis. The Pang. This Fijh hath on each fide the Tail a lharp pointed Bone,, which it can ere£t in its own Defence. I Purdus ( 3*7 ) T urdus cauda convexa. The Fellow -Ftp. n. T urdus flavus. The Hog-Ftp. Turdus cinereus, pelt at us. The Shad. This Fip hath an oval bony Subftance upon his Nofe, like a £ Felt a ] (mall Shield. It is efteemed a good Fifh. 12. T urdus > oculo adiato. The Pudding- Wife. Round the Eye fpread feven blue Rays, at almoft equal Diftances, but of unequal Lengths. Alburnus Americanus. The Carolina-LFhltmg. This is accounted tolerable good Meat. 13. Mormyrus, ex c'mereo nigricans. The Bone- Ftp. Corallina fruUicofa elatior ramis , quaqua - verfutn expan/is , teretibus. Sloane Hift.Jam. Vol.I. p. 57. The Sea-Feather. This Plant , and alfo the great Sea- Fan grow upright as moil Land-Plants do; and do not grow horizontally as is ufually thought. 14. Cugupuguacu , Brq/il. Sloane Hid. Jam. p. 247. The Hind. It is efteemed a good Ftp to eat. Saltatrix. The Skip-Jack. It hath obtained its Name from its frequent Skipping out of the Water. It is tolerable good Meat. iy. Suillus . The great Hog- Fip. 1 6. Aurata Bahamenfts. The Porgy. It is a good eating Ftp. 17. Salpa purpur afcens variegata. The Lane- Snapper. Petimbuabo, Brafil. Willough. p. 233. and App. 22. The Tobacco-Pipe Fip. It is long and {lender like a Pipe, whence it hath receiv’d its Englip Name. s8. Nova- ( 3*8). 1 8. Novacula carulea. .Will. p. 214. Tab. 0.x. The Blue -Fijh. 19. Unicornis Pifcis , Bahamenjis. The Bahama Unicorn- Fijh. Thefe Fijh grow only to two or three Feet in length, and a little behind the Eyes have an Horn about nine Inches long, which they can move at pleafure. They are accounted poifonous. xo. Murtena maculata, nigra vel viridis. The Muray, The Inhabitants of the Bahama Iflands eat only the Green fort, efteeming the Black ones poifonous to eat * yet the Bite of them is not ve- nomous. FINIS. Printed for W. Innys and R. Manby, Printers to the Royal Society, at the Weft-End of St. Raul's. M DCCXXXV, jP/u&myi&7?ans. «_ ■ ‘ ^33- Ze mth. Numb. 433. PHILOSPHICAL TRANSACTIONS For the Months of July, and Augufi, 1734. The CONTENTS. .* " x. L Conjectures on the Charming or Fafcinating Power attributed to the Rattle-Snake '.grounded on credible Accounts , Experiments and Obfer - 'rations, By Sir Hans Sloane, 'Bart. Treft- dent of the Royal Society, and College of Phyficians, is??. II,. Tart of a Letter from Dr. Richardfcui, F. S. to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Trefident of the Royal Society, and Colleg. Phyfia concerning the Squilla aquae dulds. ttl. Schema Eclipfeos Solaris paulo ante Solis occa* fum obferVattf, Vitemberga Saxonum Die IP* Maii.Sdi. Deter. A. Chr. CIO in cc XXXI 1 1, A Joh. Frider. Weidlero LL. D. Mathem. Superior . Trof. Or din.. Of S. S. . IV, An The CONTE N T S. IV. An AhftraB of the Meteorological Dia- ries, communicated to the Royal Society 5 with (Remarks upon them. which he did me the Favour to give me. It had lived three Months before without an y Suftenance,and had in that time parted with its outer Coat or Exuvia, which was found amongfl: the Gravel. Mr. Ranby , a very ingenious Surgeon and Anatomifl-, undertook the lodging it: And Captain Hall , a very underftanding and obfervant Perfon, who had lived many Years in that Country in great Repute, ventured to take the Snake out of the Box ; notwithftanding that the Poi- fon from the Bite thereof is almoft prefent Death : For he gave us an Inftance of a Perfon bitten, who was found dead at the Return of a MefTenger going to the next Houfe to fetch a Remedy or Antidote, though he was not gone above half an Hour. Nay, fo certain are the mortal Effects of this Poifon, that fometimcs the waiting 'till an Iron can be heated, in order to burn the Wound, is faid to have proved fatal. This Gentleman told me he thought the fecureft Way was immediately to cut out the Pa,rt where the Wound was made j for he had feen fevernl, who carried thefe hollow Scars about them, as Marks of the narrow Efcape they had had, and never felt any In* convenience afterwards. Though Providence hath produced a Creature fo terrible to other Animals, yet it feems to have provided it with the Rattle at its Tail, that the Noife thereof might give warning to them to get out of its way. I de* c ( 3*3 ) I defired an Experiment (hould be tried before feve- ral Phyficians ; which was accordingly done in the Garden belonging to their College in London. The Captain, by keeping the Head fall with a forked Stick, and making a Noofe, which he put about the Tail of the Snake, tied it faft to the end of another Stick wherewith he took him out of the Box, and laid him upon the Grafs-plat. Then a Dog being made to tread upon him, he bit the Dog, who there- upon howl’d very bitterly, and went away fome few Yards diftant from the Snake : But in about one Minute of time he grew paralytic in the hinder Legs, after the manner of Dogs who have the sforta defcen- dens tied. He died in lefs than three Minutes time, as is related by Mr. Ranby , in an Account of this Experiment in Philof. Pranf. N° 401. pag. 377, and by Captain Hall, N° 399. pag. 309. In my Opinion the whole Myftery of their en- chanting or charming any Creature is chiefly this : that when fuch Animals as are their proper Prey, namely ftnall Quadrupeds or Birds, £fc. are furprized by them, they bite them jand thePoifon allows them time to run a finall Way, as our Dog did, or perhaps a Bird to fly up into the next Tree, where the Snakes watch them with great earneftnefs, ’till they fall down, or are perfectly dead, when having lick'd them over with their Spawl or Spittle, they fwallow them down, as the following Accounts relate. “ Some People in England (fays Colonel Rever- “ ley, in his Hiftory of Virginia, Edit. 2d. p. 160, u Lond. 1 722. 8°. are ftartled at the very Name of the “ /J^/e-to^andfancyeveryCornerofthatProvince Uui “ fo im) jc fo much peftered with them, that a Man goes in conftant danger of his Life, that walks abroad in “ the Woods. But this is as grofs a Miftake, as tC fo called from a (harp Horn it carries in its Tail, “ with which it affaults atiy thing that offends it, with that Force, that, as it is (aid, it will (trike a its Tail into the Rut-end of a Musket, from whence “ it is not able to difengage itfelf. Ci All forts of Snakes will charm both Birds and a Squirrels, and the Indians pretend to charm them. feveral Ferfons have feen Squirrels run down aTree <4 diredly into a Snake's Mouth. They have likewife “ feen Birds fluttering up and down, and chattering “ at thefe Snakes, ’till at laft they have dropt down “ juft before them. “ In the end of Mayy 1 715, flopping at an Or- “ chard, by the Road-fide to get fome Cherries, “ being three of us in Company, we were entertain’d u with the whole Procefs of a Charm between a Rat* tle-Snake and a Hare, the Hare being better than 44 half grown. It happen’d thus : One of the Company 44 in his fearch for the beft Cherries, efpied the Hare “ fitting, and although he went clofe by her, (he did 44 not move, ’till he (not fufpefting the Occafion of 44 her Gentlenefs) gave her a La(h with his Whip. 4c This made her run about ten Foot, and there fit “ down again. The Gentleman not finding the Cher- 46 ries ripe, immediately returned the fame Way, and c< near the Place were he (truck the Hare, he fpied 44 a Rattle-Snake. Still not fufpeffing the Charm, 44 he goes back about twenty Yards to a Hedge to get 64 a Stick to kill the Snake, and at his return found 44 the Snake removed ani coil’d in the feme Place 44 from (.3*0 “ from whence he had moved the Hare. This put “ him into immediate Thoughts of looking for the “ Hare again, and foon fpied her about ten Foot off n the Snake, in the fame Place to which Ihe had “ ftarted when he wh'ipt her. She was now lying “ down, but would fometimes raife herfelf on her “ Fore-feet, ftruggling as it were for life or to get a- “ way, but could never raife her hinder parts from the c< Ground; and then would fall flat on her Side a« “ gain, panting vehemently. In this Condition the “ Hare and Snake were when he called me, and tho* c< we all three came up within fifteen Foot of the “ Snake to have a full View ofthe Whole, he took no cc notice at all of us, nor fo much as gave a Glance cc towards us. There we flood at leaft half an Hour, the Snake not altering a Jot, but the Hare often cc flruggling and falling on its Side again, ’till at ii laft the Hare lay ftill as dead for fometime: Then “ the Snake moved out of his Coil, and Aid gently w and finoothly on towards the Hare, his Colours at ‘c that Inflant being ten times more glorious and “ Ihining than at other times. As the Snake moved “ along, the Hare happen’d to fetch another Strug- gle, upon which the Snake made a Stop, lying at “ his Length, ’till the Hare had lain quiet again “ for a (hort Space, and then he advanced again, ’till cc he came up to the hinder Parts of the Hare, which “ in all this Operation had been towards the Snake. “ There he made a Survey all over the Hare, ‘‘ railing part of his Body above it, then turn’d off, “ and went to the Head and Nofe of the Hare, af- *. ter that to the Ears, took the Ears in his Mouth *4 one after the other, working each apart in his Mouth N ( P7 ) M Mouth as a Man does a Wafer to moiden it, then “ return'd to the Nofe again, and took the Face “ into his Mouth, draining and gathering his Lips “ fometimes by one fide of his Mouth, fometimes cc by the other. At the Shoulders he was a long Time puzzled, often hailing and firetching the Hare out << at Length, and draining forward fird one fide u of his Mouth, then the other, /till at lad he got the whole Body into his Throat, Then we went << to him, and taking the Twid-band off from my « Hat, I made a Noofe, and put it about is Neck. << This made him at length very furious $ but we having fecured him, put him into one end of a << Waller, and carried him on Horfeback five Miles << to Mr. John Baylor's Houfe, where we lodged << that Night, with a Defign to have fent him to Dr. Cock at JVilliamshurgh7 but Mr. Baylor “ was fo careful of his Slaves that he would not let “ him be put into his Boat, for fear he fliould get loofe and mifchief them. Therefore the next. “ Morning we killed him, and took the Hare out of his Belly. The Head of the Hare began to be << digeded, and the Hair falling off, having lain a- “ bout eighteen Hours in the Snake's Belly. “ I thought this Account of fuch a Curiofity “ would be acceptable, and frhe rather becaufe tho' 4‘ I live in a Country where fuch things are faid “ frequently to happen, yet I never could have any “ fatisfaflory Account of a Charm, though I have “ met with feveral Perfons who have pretended to 44 have feen them. Some alfo pretend that thofe fort “ of Snakes influence Children, and even Men and “ Women, by their Charms. But this that I have u related ( ) « related of my own View, I aver (for the Satif- “ fa&ion of the Learned) to be punftually true, “ without inlarging or wavering in any Refped, up- “ on the Faith of a Chriftian. « In my Youth I was a Bear-hunting in the “ Woods above the Inhabitants j and having drag* “ gled from my Companions, I was entertained at “ my return with a Relation of a Pleafant Rencounter “ between a Dog and a Rattle-Snake, about a Squirrel. << The Snake had got the Head and Shoulders of the << Squirrel into his Mouth, which being fomething “ too large for his Throat, it took him up fome- “ time to moiften the Furr of the Squirrel with his << Spawl, to make it flip down. The Dog took this << Advantage, feized the hinder parts of the Squirrel, « and tugg’d with all his might. The Snake on the tt other Side would not let go his hold for a long << Time, ’till at lafl, fearing he might be bruifed by 4< the Dogs running away with h]m, he gave up his << Prey to the Dog. The Dog eat the Squirrel, and “ felt no harm. “ Another Curiofity concerning this Viper, which “ I never met with in Print, I will alfo relate from “ my own Obfervation. “ Some time after my Obfervation of the Charm, “ my Waiting- Boy being fent abroad on an Errand “ alfo, took upon hitnfelf to bring home a Rattle - “ Snake in an Noofe. I cut off the Head of this “ Snake, leaving about an Inch of the Neck with it : “ This I laid upon the Head of a Tobacco Hoglhead, w one Stephen Lankford , a Carpenter, now alive, “ being with me. Now you mult note, that thele (i Snakes have but two Teeth, by which they .con- “ vey ( 3*9 ) _ « vey their Poifon ; and they are placed in the up- « per Jaw, pretty forward in the Mouth, one on “ each fide. Thefe Teeth are hollow and crooked “ like a Cock’s Spur : They are alfo loofe or fpring- “ ing in the Mouth, and not fatten’d in the Jaw- “ bone as all the other Teeth are. The Hollow has “ a Vent alfo through by a fmall Hole a little be- . Mathem. Superior, Trof. Or din. $(. S'. SY Phafes crefeentis Eclipfeos. H. M. S. Initium, 2 Maii. St. V. 6 3 6 y PoflMer. 1 Digitus 39 yo * Digiti 4y j Digit. ( 333 ) Digit. H. M. s. 3 1 2 3 * * 6 48 jo Poll Mer. 4 5* S 0 5 S 6 7 £. So 7 7 50 8 10 So 9 15 So 10 l9 So II 29 20 Sol fubit nubes tenues - Phafes decrefcentis Edipfeos. 10 Digit. 7 SS 50 9 40 5° 8 44 SO Sol occidit A6 5v ANNOTAT A. 1. Circulusin Tabula annexa delineatus refertima- ginem folis, ea magnitudine, qua in heliofcopii fundo fuit depifta. 2. Lumen folis, prope luo* orbem, quod nun- quam non in a'liis Eclipiibus folaribus tain prope ho- rizontem, quam fub majore altitudine vifis vehe- menti motu 6c undulatione gaudere animadverti, in hoc deliquio quietum prorfus <5c tranquillum fuir, 3. Orbis lunas, in prirnis quoad partem occiduam, in phafibus paulo ante Solis occafum notatis, afperi* tatem manifeftam, omnibus hujus phtenomeni fpe&a- toribus, prodidit ; eranf tamen intervalla, quibus ju- ( m ) ga montium lunarium diftinguebantur, nec lataadmo- dam nec profunda, Adhibita fcala fubtiliter divifa, asftimavi profunditatem unius vallis W five partem ducentefimam diametri luna;. 4. Ultima; phafes decrefcentes per tenues nubes vi. fx fuerunt, neque tamen ultra undecim difci folis un- cias nobis luna occultavit, j-. Centri folis occafus pro horizonte Vitembergen- fi calculo turn fuerat repertus, 7h- 39m' 4s>fe* adeo- que refractione radiorum in nubi,bus horizontis prope- modum fex minutis fuit retardatus. IV. An Abftratt of the Meteorological Dia- ries, communicated to the Royal Society 5 with Remarks upon them. Ey W, Derham, D. T>. Canon of Windfor, F. <3^. S. [Part II. Vide Tran/aB. N0 429. [] Part III. Containing Meteorological ObferVa - tions made at Berlin 1 ^Lunden Bettna Sweden ■{ Upfale Bygdea Pithea Y 1716. AN AbftraQ: of Meteorological Ohfervations made in the Year 1726, at Berlin , by the So- ciety there, and communicated by fob. Theod. Jablonski \ and in Sweden , at Lunden , by Conrad Quenfel , Mathematick ProfelTor in the Caroline Academy j ( m > Academy ; and at Bettna in Sudermanland , by jtndr. GeringuiSy Paftor and Proved of the Place 5 and at Upfale, by Erie Burman> Adron. Profeffor in the Gufi avian Academy 5 and at Bygdear in WeJtro~Bothnia , by the late Jacobus Barman , Paftor of the Place*, and laftly, at Pithea , in the fame Province, by Olave Burmany and IJrael Steel? feniuSy Students. Thefe Obfervations have, with fo great Judgment, Diligence and Care, been made, feme twice, and fome thrice every Day, that 'I wifh they could be publiffied as they are ,* but by reafon they are too numerous and bulky to be capable of that., therefore I have contracted them as well as I could, to make them ufeful to the Society ; and that not without a great deal of Trouble, by Reafon of the Difficulty to give a tolerable brief Account of fo great a Variety and Number of Obfervations, as are thofe of the Winds, and their Strength, the Weather, the Baro- meter, Thermometer, &c. of fo many Places' and fo many times every Day in the Year. The mod ufeful of the Barometrical Obferva- tions I have reprefented in the following Table ; which (hews, at an eafy View, the higheft, lowed, and mean Heights of the Quickfilver in every Month, at the feverai Places.; January. || Febuary. Berlin Lun. Bett. Upfa. Berlinj Lun. Bett. Upfa. High. Mean Low. 29-3 28 7i 28. 04 3O.Oi 29-3J 28. 5J 30.51 29.92 29.26 30.18 29/58 28.98 29.6 2 8 . 6i.! ,4* 27-6i 29 2 8.4^ 30.40 29.74 29. 8 3-0. 2 29-53 28.86 March, ( nO Berlin March. Lun. jBettna Upfa.IPithca Berlin 4 Lun. April. Bettna Upfale Pithea High. Mean Low. 29. oi 28. 5 1 27 ioi 30.0! 30.50 29.4, 29.79 28.81 29. 8 30.24 30. IT 29.28j29.35 28.32128,50 28 -IO ■28- 5 28. 0! 29.9! *9-5«| 29.2!! 50.48 19-8 6\ 19.25 30.17 29.55 29.15 29.98 ~ 29.271 28.57 May. June. Berlin Lun. [Bettna Upfa. Pithea Berlin Lun. Bettna Upfale Pithea High. Mean Low. 28.95 28.47 I28.0-5 30.0430.40 . 2-9.7! 3 0.77k 29-4429-35 ! 30.15 29.84 29-52 30.11 29-74i 29.48 28.7} 27-9+ 27.02 29.9! 29-4i 28.91 30.20 29.57! 29.15 30.00 29.98 29.52i29.55! 29.25 [29. 1; July- Aug ust High. Mean 'Low. Berlin z8.,f z8.zi 28.01 Lun jBettna 2 9.5 30. 5 19.4 29.70 ■28.9-1 29.55 Upfa. Pithea 29.88 29.55 29.5429.37^ 29. 2029. 19 Berlin .Lun. 8. 8 (29.8^ 8. 28. 3 3*9-3 27. nf 28.8 Bettna Upfale 30.30 29.55^ 29. i 29.98 29.48 8.98 Pithea September October. 29.85 29.28! 28. 7r Berlin Lun. Bettna Upfa. Pithea Berlin Lun. Bettna( Upfale Pithea High. Mean Low. 28.5 28.1 27.8 29-7i 29-li 28.5? 50.28 29-572 28.87 30.00 |29-29 '28.58 29.80 29.20 28.60 28.10 28. si 27. 9 30.1! 29. Is 28.24 30-55 130.25 29.575 19.28^ 28.50 '28.32 29.90’ 29.05 28.20 High. Mean Berlin Lun. Bettna Upfa. Pithea Berlin Lun. Bettna Upfale 29.1 18.7 28.1! 30.1! 29.51 28.97 30.80 30.C0 29.20 3°*5i 29.73 28.90 30.19 29.24 28.29 29-lf 28.47 27- 8j 30.0! 29-5i ‘28.4! 3°*5° 29.55 28.80 3°. 7 *8.83! 28.50 Pithea 29.80" 29- oi 28.21 Although this Table may give a good View of the Baro- metrical Ranges at the feveral Places in every Month of the Year 1 716, yet I think it neceffary to acquaint the Society with the great Agreement between the Afcents and Defcents of the 5, fometimes at the very fame Time, and generally near it. If the g was remarkably high or low, it was fo in ail, or moft of the Places : If ftationary for three or four, or more Days, it was the fame in all. Only the Alteration would begin, or end, fomewhat fooner, or later, perhaps, in one place than another j and when any Deviation was from this ( 337 ) this Rule, it \vas commonly mod remarkable in the Pithea Obfervations. The Thermometrical Obfervations I can give no Account of, by reafon I underftand not the Ther- mometers there made ufe of, not the Freezing, Tem- perate, or other Points. Only the Upfale Thermo- meter (which was made by Mr. Hauksbee) mud ferve for all : In which the Point of extream Heat is marked five Degrees above o ; and fo is graduated downwards to 45 Degrees, which is the Point of Temperate', and 65 Degrees, which is the Point of Freezing, The Mean of all the Degrees of every Month, at Upfale , the illuftrious Bur man hath noted according to Dr. fur ins Dire&ions, in Philof.Tranf N° 3795 which is, by adding the whole Month’s Degrees, and dividing by the Number of Days. Which Means I have inferted, as well as my own ; mine being the Means between the higheff and loweft De- grees, as well of the Thermometer as Barometer. And becaufe I forgot to infert the Barometrical Means of the illuftrious Lnnden and Pithea Obfer- vers (which are according to Dr. f urin’ s way) but took only thofe between the higheft and loweft Stations, therefore I have given this little Table of them. ^ Table of the Mean Barometrical Stations , by Dr. Jurin\r way. January. Febuary. 1 March. Upfale | Pithea Upfale Pithea | Upfale Pithea 19.18^ *9.7617! 29.4775 Yy Aprtl, C s;8 3 April. 1 May. June. | uplale Fithea Uplate Fithea Upiale Pitiiea j 29.76^ 29-49” 29.9111 29.81?! 29.5977 ’-9-49 J July. | August. September. 19. 1 ^9.38^1 i9.5'4i» [19.17??! 29 34 ° } 19.14 5 October. J NovembR. | December.. 2 9,43?! [ 39.nl! [19.811! 1 29.^9^ 1 19.66^1 Ig.IgTf ^ Thermometrical fable of the Highejl , L 01x1 eft and Mean Stations at Lunden and Upfale,. with the Upfale Means , acco, ding to T)r . jurin’T Method* January. 1 February. [March. 1 Lun.; lUpfa. Upfa.i Lun. U pfale | Lun., Upfale High. Mean Low. 79 58 s 38 1 96. 74.8 67.7 1 8i.aff $5 % * 156 83-7 74- 3i (65 74 .HI lit l 84 *1 58 1 82.0 j 67*5 52-4 1 69.1F1 [- April* ] l May. 1 \ June. 1 High. Mean Low. 149 116 83 60. 9 56.56 43- 3 53-7^ 187 156 125 47. 8 32-54 l8. I 33-011 188 l5%i 129 46. 7 30.55 15- 4 34.0iO [ July* I August. \ September. High. Mean Low. 173 146 1 19 42. 4 32*54 23- 4 33-77° 1 56 1341 113 52. 2 41.60 32. 8 43-57! 168 133 98 62.7 50.4 38.1 43-53* [ October. | [November. 1 December. High. Mean Low. 122 X02i 83 70.7 61.7 iLZ_ 61.83! 90 71 r* 84-3 73.0 62.3 [72,1^ 8 40 94. 8 8047 67. 7 7P.8t? By ( 33? ) By this Table, efpecially by the Upfale Obferva- tions, it appears, that the colder Months in this Year 1716, were not fo exceffively cold, as their Nor- therly Situation would incline one to imagine, Up- fale itfelf being 60 Degrees North. But by the Table, fome of the Days in January, February and March , 6cc. at the beginning of the Year ; and of September, Oclober, November and December , at the latter end of it, may be obferved to have had the Thermometer fometimes not fo low, or very lit- tle below the Freezing Point. In January and December, for Inftance, when it was at 67.7, which was lower than in the other Months, it was not 3 Degrees lower than the Freezing Point , at 6y De- grees. But by the belt Judgment I could make of the Berlin Thermometrical Obfervations, they feetn to have had no lefs, if not more fevere Weather, than in the Northern Parts, particularly than at Lunden,Up- fale and Pithea , where the Weather feems to have been milder than at Betna and Bygdea \ at which two Places, I find they had frequently Showers and Storms of Snow, and more hard Weather than at the other Swedijh Places, or Berlin. What the Caufe of this different Warmth fhould be, I leave others to judge, whether the Proximity of the Sea, or the Warmth of mineral Vapours, and the Guard of their Woods fkreening off the cold Winds (which two latter I remember 01. Magnus afcribes much unto.) But for the better judging of the State of every Month, be pleafed to take this View, which the curi- - ous Author of the Betna Obfervations hath given, to- Y y 2, , gether ( 34° ) gether with fome Remarks of my own, from the o- ther Places. In January he fays, the Winter Cold (which was very intenfe from the 23d of December to the 15th of January) began to abate, to the Difadvantage of the Ways and Travelling. In February he fays the Winter Weather con- tinued all the Month, to the middle of March, with fome Snow, and Fro ft enough to benefit the Ways and Travelling. March he fays began with Snow, and ftormy and grievous Cold j but towards the latter end, the Wea- ther was milder, and more feafonable to the Agricul- ture newly begun. On the 14th, and 17th, was an .Aurora Borealis. In this Month, on the 17th and iad, at Berlin alfo there were Signs of Aurora Boreales, as alfo on February 23d. Alfo at Upfale, a Lumen boreale was on February 27th, March 3d, 15th, and 16th. In April, Betna is faid to have had a feafonable Seed-time ; and that the autumnal Corn, which had efcaped the Worm (a Calamity I find common inthofe Parts as well as England ) began now to flourifh. At Lunden they had Par belli on the 28th and 29th. At Upminfier we had the Aurora Borealis, or Streaming , in the Evening, April 12th. In May , the reverend and learned Obferver at Betna takes Notice, that by the continual and perni- cious Heat of the Sun in this Month, the Corn was fo burnt up, as to be a fad Prefage of an enfuing Scarcity, and Dearth of Provifions. ( 34l ) And at Upfale alfo, and Berlin , they mention great Drought, and excefilve Heat of the Sun. But in fome Parts of the Month, the Air at Berlin' is- faid to have been coldilh. In June the violent Heats were abated, and the Seafon more moift and rainy. The Corn being too foon ripe, caufed their Harveft to fall out at a very unufual Seafon. At Lunden and Berlin it was cold feveral Days and irkfome. July 1 find was a rainy Month at Berlin , and mold of the Swedift) Places {Pit tea the leaft.) At Betna it was very unwelcome to the Harveft-men.. Much Thunder alfo and Lightening was in moll of the Places, chiefly at Upfale. In Augujt I find a greater Agreement between the Winds than in the other Months, they, in moll of the Places, blowing from fome of the Pcints between* the Weft and South. At Berlin and Upfale was much Rain,, at Pithea Thunder ; and at Betna the begin- ning of the Month, being mild and fair, is faid to be a good Seed-time ; but it is remarked, that for. want of Rain the Seed came not up well. September was a very rainy Month in all the Swedijh Places, very Cloudy, and fome Mifty, and Snowy at Pithea ; but at Berlin better Weather. At Lunden , a Parhelius on September nth. In O Holer the Swedijh Places had many Aurora Boreales. At Lunden , on O Holer 8th, nth, and 14th. At Betna On the 8th, 10th, nth, 13th, 15th, 2id, 26th. At Upfale, on the 3d, 6th, and efpecially the 8th. And the fame Evening of OHo- ler 8th, at Upminfer, we had a very remarkable whitilh ( H1 ) whitilh Lift, or Girdle went crofs the Heavens, from Weft by South, to Eaft by North, about half a De- gree broad ; which continued but a little while, and then the whole Hemifphere was covered with ftream- ing Vapours, in all Parts emitting Lances that pointed towards the Zenith, where they formed a Canopy • fometimes reddilh, fometimes darker, and fometimes blazing, as if fet on Fire, and emitting Lances every 'ivay, fo as to make an Appearance of the Star which the Knights of the Garter wear. This Canopy mo- ved fometimes fome Degrees Eaft ward, and then would return back again near the Zenith. When the Va- pours and Lances fhone out moft, 1 obferved a ftrange Commotion and Working in them, as if fome large Body was behind them, and difturbed them. This ^Aurora Borealis being different from thofe that ufually appear, I was minded to take this. Occafion of mentioning it with others that were feen at the fame Time in Sweden. The Weather in this Month was Rain, and hoar Frofts in the Swed'tp Places, with much Snow at Bygdea and Pithea s a Parbelius at Lunden , O0o~ per 14th : And the illuftrious Betna Obferver faith, the Plenty of Rain this Month caufed the Corn to thrive much and he reckons the 31ft Day of this Month to be then the firft Winter Day with them, it being Frofty, and abundance of Snow that Day. At Berlin it feems to have been a dark and cloudy Month, with irkfome Cold towards the latter end. In November Aurora Bore ales were at Lunden on the id, 7th, and 8th ; at Betna the zd. At Lun- den , and Upfale , it was Cloudy, Foggy, Froft and Snow: At Bygdea, Pithea and Berlin, fairer, with ( 343 ) with Fro ft and fevere Cold. At Betna the Cold was very intenfe ; the Heavens very cloudy and mifty. In December , at Lunden Aurora Boreales were on the jth, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 14th, ijth, 1 6th, and 2xd Days ; and at Upfale on the yth and 6th ; and at Berlin, on the 7th and 12th there were Signals of the Aurora Boreales. Froft, and Snow, Cloudy and Fogs were at Lunden ; at Upfale fome Cloudy and Foggy, and a pretty deal of Fair fome- times : At Berlin much Froft, Cold, and a grea t Storm of Wind on the 23d: At Pit hea frequent Snow, and fome Fair, fome Cloudy.. Betna is noted to have moderately Snow, but twice. more intenfe Cold, to the great Benefit of the Ways and Travelling. For the better underftanding the foregoing Obfer- vations, and fora Conclulion of them, it is to be obfer- ved, that the Lunden Barometrical Obfervations were made with a' Barometer graduated according to our Englip Meafure, into Inches, and I fuppofe Decimals of Inches. But the Thermometer (as I faid) I under- ftand nor. The Betna Barometer alfo is graduated, according: to Englip Meafure, into Inches and Centefms. The Upfale Barometer and Thermometer, were both made by Mr. Hankesbee , and confequently are according to Engli/h Meafure 4 the Barometer having Inches and Centeiimal Parts ; the Thermometer as X have before defcribed. The Bygdea Obfervations the Reverend Author did not live all the Year to finifh, and there being none Barometrical, or Thermometrical, only a verbal Account of the Weather, and now and then of the Winds ; therefore I have only, as Occafion ferved, taken notice of thofe Remarks. The ( 344 ) The *Pithea Obfervations had none Thermome- trical ; and thofe of the Barometer feem to be in Inches and centefimal Parts. V. DeAMBRA GRYSEA. Autlore Cafparo Neumanno, M* D, CbemU flVo- fejf. fBerolin. & S’. S. Pars I. DU O in ReMedicajure meritoque perquam mirari mihi fxpe fubiit i.) quod cert# lpecies, qux ut lubjedta pharmaceutica per longumtempus, imo qux- dam per aliquot fecula in ufum vocatx fuerunt, ita ut de aliquibus etiam in fola Europa, non dux vel de- cern librx, fed Centenarii aliquot quotannis confu- mantur, ratione hiftorias naturalis, loci natalis, ori- ginis, ubi <5c quomodo generentur, atque ex quo or- turn faum trahant, prxcipue de variis ufualibus Vege- tabilibus ekoticis, e. gr. de Myrrha, qux ab aliquot Millenariisjamadhiberi conlueverit, ut & de fic didto Gummi.Animx, Carannx, Sanguine Draconis, Se- mitic Cinx, ac permultis aliis fpeciebus, quales etiam varix in reliquis Regnis occurrunt, ad hunc ufque diem non fatis certo, genuine, demonftrative, & in- dubitato cognitx fint; fed de quibufdam nihil nifidif- putabilia dubiofa, variata, fibi invicem contradicen- tia, plerumque tantum ex auditu oborta, quxdam ab .aliis fida9 & ex cerebello proprio fibi comparata, indeque ut plurimum aperte falfa, ac de quibufdam ( 345 ) plane nulla, de multis vero non fufficientia documcn- ta prxfto Tint : 2 ) quod paucillima Subjedta natura- lia pharmaceutica, materiam medicam conftituentia, & a toe retro Seculis ulurpata, quxque quotidie ad- huc ufurpantur, ratione ver# furf mixtionis & par - tium fubjiantialium , ^uid proprie & revera natura fua fint, aut quas demonftrabiles, leparabilefque, non tantum vifibiles, fed prxeipue olfadtu ac guftu per- ceptibiles, & re ipfa adlivas partes contineant ? aut in qua feparabili fubftantia 8c parte compofiti natu- ralis (licet a vulgo Simplex appelletur) eminenter charadierifticum, fpecifico olfadtu, guftu & viribusfe prodens eflentiale refideat, yel a natura pofitum fit ? adhuedum ignorentur, fed ufque quaque ab hac vel ilia fama, didu, auditu, feriptu, & notificatu horum & iilorum in aliis mundi regionibus habitantium vel peregrinantium hominum, vel etiam tantum in Eu- ropa viventium Mercatorum, lucri cupidorum Mate- rialiflarum, item Politicorum, qui Rem Medicam ac fundamentalem hifloriam naturalem plerumque igno- rant, Jefuitarum, Monachorum, Militum, Nautarum, Pifcatorum, Metallicorum, Hortulanorum, imo etiam quorundam in verae chymicae & demonftrativse Phy- ficae experientia non fatis fundatorum Medicorum, plurima pars ranquam certa veritas fimpliciter credi- ta, ex uno libro in alium tranferipta fuerit, adhuc tranferibatur, ac credatur ; de quo tamen fob impar- tiali & non prxoccupato fundamentali examine ni- hil minus, quam id, quod hadtenus didlum, feriptum, & per tot annos ad hunc ufque diem creditum fait, ut revera verum9 fed longe aliud, hucufque non dictum, non feriptum, nec creditum deprehenditur. Quanta infeitia, ac quam multi errores circa hafee Z z duas ( *4* > duas circumiiaptias in ftatu Medico praefto fint, hoc vix ac ne vix quidemfibi aliquis imaginaretur,* quan- quam & ego, pro mea tenuitate, diverfa hujus rei ipei^niina ob oculos ponere poflem, dum aliquot ab annis, ex quo miferabilem hunc ftatum aliquarenus perfpexi, animo meo propolui. fimulque non exi- guam impend! operam, pritno maxime duntaxae ufuales, & pro notiffimis habitas fpecies, quantum fieri potuit, cum cura ad manus fumendi, exarni- nandi, ac perveftigandi, indeque fadum eft, ut va- rias veritates erue im, multafque falias traditiones 8c imaginationes, chimanicafque opiniones detexerim. Negare equidem non pofllim, mihi, raticne hifto- rikC naturalis, tanquam primae fiupra memoratse cir- cumftantiae, in rebus permultis abfolutam impoftibi- litatem obftitifle, a) partim, quia in loco natali pre- cipue Animalium & Vegetabilium exoticorum ipre non adrui, b) partim, quoniam mere asquivocaa, in- certae, & cum eorum elaboratione plane non conlen* tientes relatives in libris de ipfis reperiuntur, c) partim vero quoque, quia in permultis, inprimis fpeciebus pleriique mineralibu*-, nemo earum genera- tion! & modo fiendi non tantum non adelTe, vel ip- farum genefin adeo vifibiliter, uti fortaflis longe ma- gi s Vegetabilia, & Animalia, obfervare, fed etiam nequidem laris rationalitej* ea fibi prxfigurare ac di- judicare poteft ; quanquam circa totam hanc circum- ftantiam facile quoque excufari queam, dumhuicrei, quoniam tot obftacula & impoffibilitates coram me reperi, non ita induftrie memet applied, nec hifto- riam naturalem tanquam primarium meum con- fideravi j E contra yero, cum providentia divina, na- turalis inclinatio, tqmpus di occafio, jam amultis annis. ( H 7 > annis. me in propriam, ad veram corporum natura- lium itfquifitionem pertinentem officinam, ad Scien- tiam & Praxin chymicamputo, deduxerit, tanto ma« gis ai fecundam antedlctam circumftantiam, nempe mveftigationem mixticnis fubftantiarum naturalium, animum ferio applicavi, quo ejufmodi ante oculum poficas materias officinales, afferantur etiam nobis quoqub velint, five ex India Orientali, vel Occiden- tali, five ex Europa vel Africa, five fint Vegetabilia, Animalia, vel Mineralia, five appellentur comniuniter prout veiint, anteaquam medicamenta, vel alia com- muni ufui infervientia prxparata exinde conficiantur, ad minimum ipfe, quoad naturalem earum mixti- onem, ex funclamento cognofcere addifcerem, in qua inveftigatione utique non nudum vifirm folum & ex« ternum afpedtum (ut alias fieri folet) fed prsecipue circumfpectam chymicam Anatomiam adhibui, idque tanto magis, cum vias per Microfcopia, externas geometricas praefigurationes, pneumaticas, hydro- fiaticas aliafque ufuales dijudicationesnon modo plane non fufficientes, fed fa:pe etiam feducentes & frau- dulentas, quinimo, fi dicere liceat, ad inquifitiones phyfico chy micas parum utiles aut demonftrativas, fed tantum nude verbofas, ad alias potius fcien* tias, quam ad Chymiam idoneas deprehenderim, prout hac de re jam alio tempore mentem meam ex- plicavi. Non autem lubet adducere, quid in tot hie pub- lice traefatis ac evoiutis Subje&is trium Naturae Reg- norum, fingularis & adhuedum incogniti, in libris faltem, qui de his materiis hadentis prodierunt, non inventi, detexerim; fed hoc loco tantum de unica materia fententiam meam, & quomodo earn fub ana- Z z x lyfi < 348 ) lyfi chymica invenerim, exponam ; huncque labo- rers ranquam alterum leve facrificium Celeberrima: & Illuftri Regime Magna; Britanniae Scientiarum Sociecari offeram, prxcipue verb hifce tantum indicabo, quod fiagrem cupiditate, ad primariam llluftris hujus So- cieracis intentionem, urpote quae prx aliis indies ma- gis magiique ulteriorem natura inveftigationem mo* Iitur, & mea, pro modulo meo, conferendi acque contribuendi. Hac autem mea Materia jam eft AMBRA GRY- SEAfubftantiapharmaceutica officinalis, de quaamul- tis retro annis diu multumque difeeptatum eft, quid proprie fit ?§C de qua, ante y, vel 6 annos, relationes quaedam ex America apportatas funt,quaruin conten- ra firmam fententiam, certitudinemque, quid revera fir, detexifle fibi prxlumunr, quas vero relationes, quia illas cum examine chymico, quod hac cum ma- reria inftitui, non concordant, pro decifiva accipere nequeo-, idque proinde me permovit hafee pagellas conlcribere, quo Scrutatores rerum naturalium, qui ram in America, quam etiam alibi vivunt, his tanto magis, ad ulteriorem hujus rei certitudinem inquiren- dam, incitarem. Nondetinebimur in inquifitione etymologica vocis Ambra, an ex Arabico /Uic Ambaron, vel Graeco c&fxZctf) oriatur, & quod proterealatine retftius Amba- rum & non Ambara, multo minus Ambra did de- beat : ejulmodi enim inquifitio nihil aliud effiet, quam inneceflarium, gallice dieftum, Embai'ras\ led fufficit, quod vocabulum Ambra hodie in toto orbe ufu re- ceptum fir, & quivis feiat, quid per hoc intelliga- tur ^ nec Homonymiam adducam omnium eorum, quae ab Ambra nomen acceperunt, dum nempe non tantum ( 349 ) tantum Ambra gryfea, fed etiam Ambra citrina, Am* bra nigra <$c Ambra liquida in ufu funt, quinimo in quibuidam libris etiam Ambra; fubalbidae, item Am- brx t.m nativae quam faSHtias mentio fir, quanquam exinde colligere tantum liceat, quod vocabulum Ambra folum, hodie nihil certi ac fpecifici deter- mine^ fed quod neceffe fit, cum tot diverfae fpecies proftent, femper vocabulum diftindtivum, quo ea Ambra, de qua dicitur vel fcribitur, tanquam cha* rad:ere infignitur, voci Ambrae addere. Interim hoc memoratu dignum eft, quod Ulyfles Aldrovandus in Mufeo fuo Metallico * efFert, quod fcilicet lub generali nomine Ambra, totum genus Succini intel- ligatur, nec minus, quod iam Mauritani j Am - br# impofuerint nomen Succini ; prout etiam hodie Ambra a quibufdam Succinum Orientale appellatur ; Sic &i a longo jam tempore Succinum ordina- riura folitum eft vocari Succinum occidental, ad differentiam Succini Orientalis, & vice verfa hoc, Ambra gryfea, illud autem, Ambra citrina vel flava *, quinimo notum eft apud multas Europxas nationes, nomen Ambrae abfque additione ufurpatum, nullam aliam Ambram, quam commune Succinum indicare, quae Obfervatio me ad minimum eo adducit, ut cre- dam,quod ii ex majoribus noftris, qui duos hofce ti- tulos5 dum nempe tarn Succinum commune Ambra, quam vice verfa etiam Ambra gryfea Succinum ap- pellatur, primum introduxerunt, jam turn tempo is verum conceptum de Ambra gryfea, quid nimirum fit, vel quae partes mixtionem ejus conftituant, ha- buerint. * Libr. III. Cap. xxi. Pag. 430. f Petr. Andr, Matthioli Opera Edit, Cafp. Bauhini. Pag. 66. Hoc ( 3 5° ) Hoc tantum adhuc de Ambra gryfea, ratione no- minis , addam, quod ilia quoque Ambra Indica, Am- bra Qrientalis, Ambra Odorifera, & Ambra vera, communiter autem Ambra gryfea five chryfea appel- letur 5 diverfas e contra barbaras ipfius Ambrx gry- fea: diftindiones, ut Porambar, Puambar, & Pinam- bar, item Ambra rufa, pinguis, Selachitica, Sechra, ejufmodique alia, fiicntio involvam, quippe qua: ad propofitum mcum Scopum nihil utilitatis conferunt. Non pofium non mox inprincipio fateri, quod, fi rot diverfas ■& femper differentes opiniones perpendo, quas de hoc ex mari prodeunte Subjedo Ambra no- ftra gryfea olim foverunt, atque ex parte adhuc fo- vent, mihi videatur, ac fi memet ipfum amplo mari vel plane ejus abyfio concrediturus, ibique certam conclufionem ex tani multis incertis relationibus & pra:figurationibqs formaturus effem ; nam proeuldu- bio perpaucus erit earum rerum in mundo numerus, quibus tot differentes modi origin is& nativitatis affi- di funt, quam huic Subjedo, tantum enim abeft, ut contend fuerint, quod alius Regno Vegetabili, alius Regno Animali, & tertius Regno Minerali, idque rurius variis mutatis modis, adeoque omnibus tribus confuetis Naturae Regnis illud attribuerit, ut potius alij plane Regno Aereo id adfcripferint, imo funt, qui his Regnis non contend, adhuc plura fingunt, dicentes: Ambram gryfeam ad nullum fupra dido- rum Regnorum pertinere, fed ad Regnum marinum; quanquam univerfum mare cum toto ipfius Suppel- ledili Animalium, Pifcium, Conchyliorum, Planta- rum, Lapidum, Aquarum, Salium, & quicquid in fc continet, commode ad tria ordinaria Naturae Regna, puto Regnum Minerale, Vegetabile & Animale, abf- que ( 35* ) que ill la contradidione vel dubia prolixitate difpefci poteft, adeoque & haec ex Pelago prodeuntia ejuf- modi extenfionibus atque diflindtionibus plane non egenc. Omnes hx difFerentes, partim mir&, fi non ridi- cule, opiniones in variis Scriptis confignate repe~ riunrur, e. gr. in Cefalpino, Monarde, Hernandez, Moncony s, Erafmo Francifci, item, Chevalier, V7e- delio, PfeifFero, Metzgero, Oelven, & precipue in adeo operofe colleda Hiftoria Ambre Juki Fidi Klo- bij, ut & in multisaliis, quos hie adducere non mo- do nimis prolixum, fed pauce etiam aut nuilius uti- Jitatis,adeoque taedioium poriuaforet ; Interim, ut in fine tanto certiorern conclufionem formare po film us, necefFarium nihilominus duco, eos paucis, & quad fummarim hie attingere, ubi tamen in aperte abiur- dis non diu morabimur, in magis probabilibus verd & a permultis Viris receptiscreditifque opinionibus, etiam aliquatenus meam (fi non paiam in oculum, faltem in animum facile incurrentem) antithefin* randemque pro rium meum aTenfum, cui opinion! a ’hasreamj referam : ubi fimul mihi propofui, hunc opinionum numerum, quid Ambra fir, & unde pro- venrat, fecundum fic diSa div^fa Naturae Regna co- ordinate, adeoque cum Supremo excelfoque, Regno feiiicet aereo ordiri, & ab hoc fenfim fenfimquefm- miliora ad fubterranea ufque petere ac me demit- tere. Pro Regno Aereo unus tantum (quantum feiam) miliravit, nomine Oelven, hie nempe Ambram pro Meteoro habuit, feu pro ejufmodi re, quas in acre generetur, atque hanc, quatnvis aperte falfam by- pothefm variis rationibus fulFulcire annifus eft, qua;. veto . ( m ) vero nihil nifi ventum & aerem fpirant ;; Cumque htec opinio vel a folo, interdum ad pondus centum librarurn excurrente, pondere, a fubftantia St mix- tione partium effentialium Ambra gryfea: fufficienter labefadetur, hinc opera pretium non eric, huic diu« tius immorari, fed earn vere fimpliciflimam habeo, prafertim, cum ipfa quoque jam Anno 1707 aperte refutata fueric. Port hxc permulti Regnum intrant Animale, ita tamen, ut Regnum Aereum certo relpedunon plane derelinquunt, hi nempe quxrunt ac ftatuunt, Ori- ginem Ambra gryfex a Volatilibus feu in Aere vo- Jantibus creaturis provenire, quanquam hoc iterum cum notabili quadam differentia, qux in duas eos dif- pefcit claffes : a ) Quarum prima, Ambram gryfeam effe Fimum avium , perhibet, ad quam opinionem exinde fedudi funt, quia in Ambra fsepius exigua avium roftra, vel parvas ungulae, vel earum faltem particular reperiuntur ; Quinimo defcribunt ipfam avem, a qua Ambra proveniat, quod nempe magni- tudine anferem xquet, pulcherrimas plumas atque maculas habeat, cujus nomen, lingua Maldivica, Anacangrifpaiqui, St lingua Madagafcarica Afchibo- buck audiat. Ferdinandus Lopez de Caftagneda, * ut & ah}' ftatuunt, quod avis hxc varias fragrantes herbas comedat, exindeque oriens preciofum ftercus luper rupes ac petras in St circa mare deponat, quod interdiu a foie digeftum atque maceratum, nodu vero a luna depuratum, adeoque ab u- troque luminari coelefti in Ambram gryfeam ma- turatum, praeparatum St perfedum redditum, de- inceps procelloia tempeftate a fludibus maris ab- * Rerum a Lufitanis in India Oriental! geftar, Scriptor, Lib. IV. Cap. xxxv, latum ( 353 ) livcum in irare natans deferatur, tandemque i.) vet it a, ut a rupibus ablutum eft, ad littus appellator & ad oras projiciatur, z.) vel etiam a Cetis deglutia- tur, qui tamen iilud, cum digerere non poffint, utplu- rimum brevi rurfus evomant * (/;.) Altera autem claf- fis alarae opinionis, cui praeprimis Denis Mon- conys Lemery ||, Et Pomet Si non pluri- mi ex Gallica natione adherent, Ambram gry- ieam provenire ait ab infedto quodam, & quidem ab apibus, efle fcilicet Favum Apium , conglobata a- piaria, & cereas cellulas : utrique in defcriptione nominati fere iifdem utuntur verbis, tribus tantum immutatis literis, ita ut quis pro vitio typographico ea habere poflet, illi enim aiunt : eft Fimus avium, hi vero : eft Favus apium ; Claffis hxc in permultis imo plurimis circumftantiis cum priori, nempe in pundto eluitionis a petris & rupibus, digeftionis & cocftionis folaris, &c. concordat, tantum quod hi apes, illi aves, hi excrementum cereum & melleum, illi ftercoreum, utrique tamen Animalia alata fpecifi- cent; ubi poftericres, pro confirmandafua hypothefi, non quidem lunam, fed modo folem in auxilium vo- cant; Formale Opinionis illorum eo tendit : degere fcilicet certum quoddam apium genus in illis locis, in quibus Ambra gryfea ordinario reperiri foleat : has apes exftruere alvearia fua fuper rupes ad & circa * Rec. des Memoires 6c Conferences fur les Arts 8c les Sciences 1672. M. Aug. Pag. 222, 6cf.it. Mediferi Cofmograph. Tom. I. p. 101. it. Ejus defcriptio InfulteMadagafcar Cap. vi. pag. 43. it, Odoardus Barbofa, it. Andr. Tevet 6c Franc. Belloforeftus. f Monconys in Itinerario fuo Edit. Parif. en Suite de la II. Parties, p. 143. item Edit. Londinenf. pag. 71. -|| Traite (Jniverfel des Drogues fimples, pag. 344 ** Hiftorie generaie des Drogues, Part. XI. Lib. L .pag, 57. A a a mar is ( 354 ) iuaris littora (alij fubtiiius id proponunt, dicentes : Apes alvearia fua non fupra fed infra rupes, icilicec in cavernis rupium exftruere) unde procellx maris ilia eluant, eodem modo ut prxcedentem Fimum avium, qua: poftea a continua flu ( 355 ) detur, quam hiftoria ilia de pabulo porcino, ubi Do- minus' porcorum juflit, horum pabulo Caryophyllos aromaticos piper immifceri <3c porrigi, quia hac ratione non opus foret, ea aromata farciminibus ad- dere, fi porci maftarentur, farciminaque exinde con- ficerentur 4.) Contrariatur experiential univerfali, quod Sol digeftione fua ejufmodi excrementis odo- rem conciliet fragrantem, e contrario movet potius ac promovetputrefa&ionem, mediante qua non odor fragrans Ambratus, fed Temper naufeofus ingratus foetor producitur, prxcipue cum multa mollioraque cxcrementa conjundta finr, prout fxpe grandes &C vifcofie adhuc Ambrx mafTx repertx fuerunc ; vel Sol etiam extrahit ac emovet fragrantes particulas, fi ipfi minora & ficciora excrementa, uti multarum a- vium fimi funt, occurrunvqux fxpius irradiat, ita ut ea tandem plane exficcata, macrx terrx adinftar, apparere foleant 5.) hie avium fimus [in mari a fludiibus, fi non maxima ex parte folveretur, in minutias faltem divideretur divelleretur, ut uc etiam radii folis ac lunx quam diligentiffime eum irradiaverint, quanquam 6.) Fludtus vix Temper ad illud ulque tempus expeftaturi fint, donee fimus a foie & luna prius Tatis coftus ac digeftus fuerit, fed certo tam recentia excrementa feu fimum avium, quam putatitie digeftum, abluere pofient, qui recens tanto magis in aqua fe diflblvi atque difpergi patere- tur, unde ailtem turn adeo notabiliter magna, inter- dum quadrans, dimidium, imo totum Centenarii pondus xquantia, adhxc uniformia & fatis foiida Ambrx frufta oriri pofient? Qua ratione tan* ta fruftorum magnitudo 6C Ambra ipfa cum (imo, qui in aqua tam facile fe folvi vel faltem extrahi Aaa 1 patiturj, ( 35^ ) patitur, convenire valet ? 7.) Incolae, Pifcatores Sc Nautae, capture Ambras operam dantes, nefcumt e- jufmodi aves & excrementa, 8.) Si hsec conclufio fe- queretur : Quia avium officula, roftella & ungulae in Ambra gryfea reperiuntur,, ergo Ambra gryfea quo- que eft fimus avium, turn hie interrogo primo : Quis unquim aud'ivir^ aves tota roftra*. pedes & ungulas, vel ejufmodi nofeibiles avium partes per alvum eji- cere ? deinde appono, ft prior concjufio fequeretur, affirmare etiam poffem, quod Ambra fit fimus Con- diarum, Sepiae ac aliarum, dum itidem tam varias Conchyliorum quam avium partes in Ambra reperi- untur, 9.) contradicit huic opinion! Subftantia eflTe, inquit; quae opinio vero, abfque ulla prolixi- tate, tantum ex mixtione 6e partibus conftitutivis Ambrae, ftatim funditus evertitur, quia Atnbra ne- quidem ut Gummi-refina, de qua falt'em aliqua pars in aqua fe folvi patitur, mult-o minus autem ut purura Gumrni, quod totum in aqua folvi debet, fefe mon- ftrat : aperte potius contrarium in Ambra apparer, adeoque nihil Gummoli hie fubeft. Alij volunt, Ambram gryfeam effe Rejinam f vel lacrymam balfamico-refimfam certae cujufdam (ut perhibent) fed adhuedutn incognitae Arboris, ex his ar- boribus, quippe quae proximead mare, vel oras littoris crefcerenr, deftillare-Sc defluere illam refinam in mare, in quo circumagitata, aqua falina imbibita, fimulque a Sole digefta, tandem in veram Ambram excoqueretur ; Verum <5c haec opinio perquam fabulofa apparet : ^imo) Arbores quam propinquiflime ad mare locatas elTe oporteret, fi emanans refina in illud deftillare ac defluere deberet, xdo) hx arbores valdeprofundas radi- ces agere necelfe haberenr, ne in tanta propinquitate ab alluentibus perpetim fluftibus convellantur, fub- fodiantur, aut plane fubvertantur 6c proltiantur, 3^°) fi fingulae guttulae vel defluentes exiguse maflulae; in In Pandea. + Alexand. Geraldinus in Itincrario fuo ad Pontif. Leon. X. ex Libavio Lib. IV. Singular. C. II. in Scholiis, pag. 320. a Dn0 Boyle. V. Philo- sophical Tranfaftions, N° 97* pag. 6113 & fiq. mare. mare deciderent ac proluerentur, idque, quod deci- dir, ftatim ab aqua circumdaretur, turn conjunftio perquam difficilis, (i non impofiibilis redderetur, &£ penitus incredibile eft, quod ejufmodi fenfim fenfim- que in mare ftillantes, ftatim raadefadffe &C proluta; lacrymae unquam ita ftbi occurrere poflint, ut in tan- tas moles, qux, ft non pondus Centenarii aequant* faitem in hujufmodi fatis grandes firmafque mafias, prout Ambra reperitur, proprio inftindtu coaliturae, fefequeformaturas fint : putatitium aquas falinae auxi- lium, digeftio 6c excoftio folaris in inquieto ilio fernper frigido mari, funt meras nugas, 4t0) nee rurfus dehis arboribus quicquam cognitum eft, neque nau- tis, neque Ambrae-pifcatoribus, nec ullis aliis in re- gionibus iftis, ubi Ambra reperitur, habitantibus vel peregrinantibus hominibus, quemadmodum etiatn notiflimus ille Georgius Eberhard Rumpffius * hanc opinionem jam fatis fuperque refellir, 5t0) denique contraria mixtio Ambra? cum oleis expreflis, ut & cum pluribus aliis, contra hanc hypothefin, quod fit Vegetabilis Refina, aperte militat. Averrhoes, + Ambram gryfeam efle Speciem Cam - pkora^ ait, cum tamen ignoraverir, quid ipfa Cam- phora (it, prout quoque inter Camphoram & Am- bram, ratione volatilitatis, folubilitatis, coloris, odo- ris, aliarumque proprietatum plurium, tanta interce- dit differentia, quanta eft inter diem & noftem, uti cuicunque hoc fatis conftat. * Valentini Oft-Jndifche Sendfchreiben Tub N° XI. pag. 56, f In Colli ge t* Cap. 56. B bb ( l61 ) Alij e contra perhibent:Ambram provenir zafruBu quodam * quern Get i lubenterdeglutiant, & ex quo in corpore ipforum perfedta demum Ambra gryfea ge- neretur, fed hanc chimaeram refponfione indignam exiftimo. Quod reftat de putatitio ejus ex Regno Vegetabili ortu pertinet ad mare, nec continet quip- piam probabilis, fed naturae proprietatique Ambr^e aperte contrariatur. Ut autem & hxc plene ad finem perducam, fta- tim potius reliquas, quae quidem forent, opiniones de quibufdam marinis>nQc non rzfanx\a.Vegetabilia in medium producam: JuliusC&far Scaliger&Serapius Ambram pro fpecie Fung* f habuerunt, vel dixe- runt, earn nalci in fundo maris adinftar fungorum, qui tandem foluti alta peterent, & ad littora ejice- rentur, fed haec opinio feipfam refutat, quia nullus in toto terrarum orbe repei itur fungus, qui non cer- tain charadterifticam formam feu figuram pofideat, quae tamen circumftantia tam male, quam mixtio fungorum, cum Ambra convenit. Libavius || & Weckerus ** volunt, Ambra gryfeam effe Spumam maris , fed hi, ne multas graviores op- pofitiones adducamus, vel hac fola circumftantia fal- fttatis arguuntur & convincuntur, quod in plurimis illis locis, in quibus mare omnium vehementiftime fpumat, & bullas format, vel ubi fpuma maris eft copiofifiima, ryulla plane Ambra reperiatur, qux ta- men, ft hypothefis ipforum vera effet, copiofiftima ibi exiftere deberet. * Nic. Monard, de Simplicibus Medicara. Edit. Plantin. Antv. pag. 13. ■f Jufti Fidi Klobij Ambrae Hiftoriae, pag. 1 8. II Libr. IV. Singulari um, Cap. I. ** Weckerus in Tpeciali Libr, Seft. II, p. 79. item, Sylvaticus in Pan- deft. Hicrony- ( j<5j ) Hieronymus Cardanus *, Ambram Sperm* Ceti efte perhibet, quantum yero Sperma Ceti ab Ambra gryfea differat, unicuique fufficienter pater, unde etiam non opus erit, huic aperte falfe hypo- thefi prolixis contrariis argumentis occurrere. Eichftadius f & Fragofus II referunt, Ambram efte jecnr cujufdampifcis ; verum cuique notum eft, quod jecur foam capfolam feu parenchyma habear, atque ex filamentis venarum & arteriarum confiftar, qux fingula nullatenus in Ambra reperiuntur, ut taceam, quod hepar deftillatum longe alia producfta fundat, quam quae ex Ambra per deftillationem nancifcimur* Plurimi, Regno fie difto Marino adhaerentes, exiftimarunt, Ambram gryleam ex pifcibus prodire, hae tamen opiniones vario rurfus modo fefe divifc- runr, quae vero primo in tres claffes generales di- ftribui poterunt, hx autem poftea in varios denub minores ramulos feu fubdivifiones difpcfci deberenr, fi ordine omnes adducere, confiderare & dijudicare yellemus. Ut verb parvam tantum hujus rei Ideam jam pro- ponamus, aiunt imoJ quidam, quod Ambra gryfea plane in pifcibus generetur , 2d0) alij, & quidem ra- tioni convenientius, dicunt, Pifces fludtivagam in Mari Ambram deglut ire , denique claffis qui font, nihil pofitivi definiunt, neutro modo fefe ha- bent , & tantum perhibent, Ambram gryfeam in pif- cibus reperiri, interim non memorant, an ea in his pifcibus generetur, vel an ab iis antea deglutiatur ? Ex tribus principalioribus hifce opinionibus poftea permultx fobdiviliones ortae font, tarn ratione pif- * De Subtilitat. pag. 2 84. f In Libr. de Confett. Alkermes, Cap. XII. J| In Libr, de Medicam ex India inEurop. delatis Cap. deAmbaro, p. 89. B b b 2 ciuiBj ( 3 <4 ) diim quam deglutitionis & generationis. (a Adpif- ces quod attinet, quidam afunt : i.) Ambram tan- turn in pifcibus majoribus, alij autem, a.) etiam in niinoribus, 3.) quidam, earn in omnibus Cetis, (4 .) alij contra, folum in certa fpecie Balance reperiri, quanquam & hi rurfus (5* ) in denominatione hujus ipeciei differant ; (£) Circa deglutitionem itidem dif- fer tint, alij etenim, 1.) Ambra ab omnibu* pifcibus cum avidltate deglutiri ferunt, alii autem 2.) de linica tantum fpecie id predicant ; 3.) quidam, pif- ces exinde mori, alii verb, 4.) nihil ipfis nocere affirmant; 5) nonnulli aiunt, quod deglutita Am- bra'cito riirlus evomatur, 6.) alij vero, quod per alvum deji iatur, 7.) adhuc alij, Ambram non tan- tum a pifcibus, fed ab aliis etiam animalibus comedi 8c deglutiri contendunt. Et fie quoque (c) ratione generationis varia fcbifmata vel diverfae opiniones funt, tarn (1.) Quomodo, quam etiam (2.) ubi ge- neretur ? porro (3.) an fit excrementum, vel (4 ) re- crementum? Et qux ulterius occurruntxiifcrepantise. Omnes has adeo differentes opiniones ex ordine lu- ll rare non tantum nimis prolixum & fupervacuum, fed parvi etiam, nuliiufque ufus effe exiftimo,unde folum principales earum promifeue attingam, & fic magis magifque ad rem ipfam accedam. Clariffimus Rumpffius *, cui alias equidem fides adhibetur, prsecipue cum etiam Gabriel Nakke, alii- que plures, ea, quae ipfe dixit, confirmarunt, in li- teris fills ex Infiila Amboina ad D. Ten Rhyne datis exprefTe ait : non tantum major es Cetos , fed minor es etiam ftfees, item aves & ajros (nonnulli quoque * Loco citat. Valentini fub NQ 8. pag. 50. wipes ( ) vulpes nominant) magna cum aviditate proportio- nata frufta Ambras gryfeas deglutire, ubi ilia capere aut reperire poffinc, quae verb poftea rurfus evome- rentj qua occafione haec fimul verba adducit : ex- inde'ortum eft quod non folum in vulgo, fed & in roc autoribus tam varia: opiniones de Ambra difle- minatx fine, dum alius de Gecis,- alius de porcis am- briferis feribit aut loquitur, & uterque putat, earn in his animahbus generari, in quibus tamen fortuito rantum reperitur, quippe qua: ipfam antea deglutive- runt. Ex iis, qui opinionem fovenr, Ambram folum- modo in unico f ifee & certa Bai&nas fpecie reperiri, funt i.) quidam, qui hunc pifeem x^zel * appellant, fimul perhibentes, quod ille pifeis Ambram gryfeam avidilnme deglutiat , exinde vero brevi poft ipfi mo- riendum fir, quem turn pifeatores cum induftria per- veftigarent, 2 ) alij hunc pifeem Mokos f vacant, una references, quod tres vel quatuor orgyas longi- tudine exfuperer* in India Orientali degar, (\ circa Japoniam capiatur, 3.) alij, ex quibus eft ille, dsn in India Orientiali morarus, D. Andreas Clever, pif- eem hunc vocant Cecum Ambrophagurn, five Am- bram vorantem, idemque ejus delineationem olim ad D. quondam Mentzelium hue Berolinum rranfmifit, qui earn una cum Cleyeri relatione Academic Nature curioforum Casfareae communicavit, a quaha:c omnia Anno VIII. Dec. II. fuarum Obfervationura public! juris fa£la, funr, 4 ) adhuc ahj dicunt, quod fit cer~ rum genus Cetorum ad Lamias pertinens II, rurfus * Gefnerus de Aquatil. & quidem de Cetis diverts Libr. IV, pag. 204.... f Ksempferi Amoenitat. exotic. Fafcicul. III. pag, 635, | Valentini Oft-Indifche Sendfchreiben, pag. 50, alij d / ( ) alij (?. & inter hos, ille in America degens D8‘ Paul Dudley, exiftimant, Ambram gryfeam tantum ac unice ab ifta Balamas fpecie, vel ab illo Ceto pro- venire, qui Sperma Ceti fuppeditat. Multi, qui in opinionibus neutram partem eli- gunt, & quidem dicunt, quod Ambra in pifcibus, fed non in certo quodam fingulari pifce, verum com- muniter in omnibus belluisin genere reperiatur, nec decidunt controverfiam : an Ambra ab iis deglutiatur, vel inibigeneretur, in hoc tantum differunt, quod non unum eundemque locum Ambram in pifce defignent, cam (imo alij eorum, & plurimi qui Jem aiunt, quod Balasnas earn contineant in Jiomacho (id0 alii, in in - tejlinis'-y unde ex his rurfus quidam furrexerunt di- centes : ( a ) Balaenam evomere 8c per fuperiora eruErare Ambram, ( b ) alij vero, earn per alvumy feu laxando per inferiora ejicere contend Jnt ; inte- rim hx opiniones univerfe ad unum idewque re - deunt , & in fundamento tacite concordant, Am- bram gryfeam fcilicet in pifcibus non generari, fed ab iis potius deglut iri Siquidem i.) hoc per fe clare patet, five quid per os, five per alvum ejicia- tur, neceffe eftantea in ventriculo fuijje, 2.) illud, quod evomitur , certo e ventriculo prodit , fi ergo Ambri, qnse in ventriculo eft, per vomitum non eli- minate, fed retinetur, turn facile fecundum viam naturalem ulterius per inteftina, & tandem ex his plane exire poteft, qux omnia, five in ventriculo, five in inteftinis reperiatur, five evomatur, feu per alvum ejiciatur, neminem in admirationem rapere queunt, nec realem differentiam, fed unam eandem- que rem conftituunt, 3.) Notum eft, quod in ven- triculo naturaliter nihil nifi liquidi fucci fint, & illuc pertingere 1 % ( 1*7 ) pertingere valeant, e contra omne aliud, prsecipue folida & ftibfl antiales compatta materia necefi fario per osingredi, & fie ulterius deglutiri debeant. Si igitur Ambra gryfea revera in ventriculo vel in- teftinis Ealam;e reperirur, quomodo judiciofus homo fibi imaginari potent, quod ibi a natura, vel in pifee illo generata fuerit ? Nonne potius Naturae magis conveniens eft, hanc materiam nullatenus in Ani- mali hoc generatam, fed utique primum extra hunc pifeem exftitifTe, ac poftea tanquam e'fcale quod- dam deglutitam fuifle? prout etiam quamplurimi itidem fide digni Autores, licet in hoc differant, quod alter, Ambram a balaenis evomi, alter, per alvum ejici, tertius, in ventriculo reperiri, & quartus, earn in inteftinis occurrere, dicat, in hac tamen circum- ftantia, tanquam in certa & indubia veritate conve- niunt , Ambram gryfeam a pifeibus deglutiri , nul - loqiie modo in iis generari. Interim antedieft^ circumftantias, quod i ) qui- dam viderint, quomodo Cetus Ambram evomat, 2.) vel per alvum ejiciat, 3.J vel in mortuis, five violenta, five naturali morte peremtis Cetis, aut in horum ftomacho vel inteftinis quxdam Ambra re- perta fuerit, adjhanc tamen fedudlionem anfam rur~ fus prsebuerunt, quod multi crediderint, & adhuc credant, pr^cipue Incolx Infulae Madagafcar, item plurimi pifeatores & mutx, Ambram gryfeam ni- hil aliud effe, quam Excrementurn Bellua. Japo- nenfes earn Ambram, quam in pifeibus reperiuot, Vel qux a pifeibus rurfus ejeefta eft, in fua lingua vo- cant Kufura no fuu, quod ftercus Baknarum deno- tare dicitur *. % Kaempfer. Loco citat. pag, 635. D. Job C ) D. Johf Matth. Faber ait :fiCetus deglutitam Am- bram five.vomendo five laxando rurfus ejiciat, turn equidem tolerari poflet, fi illam vulgus Excremen - turn Jive Jiercus BaUn £ appellaret, led hoc totam rem plane nondum affirmare aut decidere, nec judi- ciolos viros exinde credituros efle, quod Ambra, quatenus vera, & pro ea accepta, propterea vere Ex- crementum vel ftercus Balxn# fir. Liceat mihi ad- duce re hujus rei exemplum : Mercurius currens, vel globu'i ReguliAntimonij, qui alias etiam Pilule per- petual vocantur, per os affumuntur, vicifiimque eji- ciuntur, turn alius ea iterum per os afiumit, Cc fic Pilulx bene ablutx, ac Mercurius currens, decern, viginti, pluribulque hominibus propitiari polfunt, ex his alius ilia mox rurfus ejicit, alius aucem diutius fecum retiner, quinimo tertius forte ea non plane rejicic, fed cum iis moritur, id quod, ab ingeftione Mercurij in paffione iliaca fic eveniffe ipfe vidi, fi autem Mercurius vel globuli regulini tandem ab ho- mine vivo denuo ejicerentur, vel in corpore homi- nis demortui reperirentur, & omne adhuc verus Mer- curius vivus, vel Regulus Antimonij efiet, quis ho- mjnum ideo has res poftea animale qutppiam voca- ret, aut pro animali materia haberet, quoniam fci- licet in corpore humano fuerint? vel quis fanamente praeditus hunc Mercurium vivum, aut Regulum An- timonii pro ftercore. humano seftimarec, vel ejufmodi metallica Subjeda Excrementum humanum appel- larer, earn ob caufam, quia homo ilia per alvum re- jecit? ipfe profedo mulierculae enm deriderent, licet afiererer, quod hx material vel a centum hominibus fucceflive deglutitx, femperque rurfus egeflae, aut etiam per longum latis tempus in corpore humano retentaj i ( 3* 9 ) retentx fuerint Mercurius currens 8c Regulus Anti- monii crudus, quamdiu in metallica fua forma viciffim inconfpecftum veniunt, propterea nec funt, nec fiunc animale quicquam, etiamfi a mille animalibus deglu- titi, ac per aliquot annos retenti fuifient. Eadem quoque eft ratio circa deglutitionem 8c infequentem egeftionem Ambras gryfex : hxc equi- dem non eft ejufmodi metallica materia, qualem An- timonii regulum vel Mercurium vivum videmus, re- vera tamen eft minerale, & nullatenus animale con- cretum, prout poftea fuo loco audiemus, hac vice fequentia tantum adjiciam : Ambra ad minimum, peregrinum, ac in mari natans corpus eft, quod pit ces cum tanta aviditate, & tanquam delicatum fer- culum, forte ut homines fungos efculentos, tubera terrx efcalia, aliaque fungorum genera, deglutiunt, Fed itidem indigeftum rurfus ejiciunt. Quod Am- bra pifcibus peregrinum quiddam, & apeptus cibus fit, patet ex plerifque relationibus , indeque pro-* deuntibus Scriptis • non equidem prolixe antedi&um pifeem Azel in fidem adducam, de quo expreife feri- bunt, quod Ambram lubentiflime deglutiat, abinde vero brevi poft moriatur , fed ad id tantum animum advertam, quod plerique referant, pifees deglutitam Ambram rurfus evomere , vel per alvum rejicere , & indubix veritatis eft, quod perquam raro Ambra quxdam in pifcibus ipfis, adhuc in ventriculo vel inteftinis commorans, reperiatur. Monardes alicu^i, “ verifiimum eft, inquit, meo tempore in regione u Infularum Canarienfium, quas Infulas fortunatas “ appellant, in Balxna quadam, vel potius in ejus inteftinis, centum libras Ambrx repertas fuifte : Pergit autem dicens j “ Ab i!lo tempore perma- gnus balxnarum minorum ac majorum numerus necatus eft* Fed N.B. in nulla ear-urn quicquam hu- G c c a jus ( 370 ) i6 jus Ambra repertum fuic His addo, quod ia multis balaenarum centuriis nulla Ambra reperta fie, nee reperietur, 6i quod ea, quas inrerdum inibi re- peritur, aut brevi ante a deglut it a, ant cafu for - tui to ibi retenta fuerit, adeoque vel propter molem eompaeftiorem, yel aliud quoddam impedimentum, ft non propter morbum, per inteftina tranfire, fic- queexitum fuum capere nequiverit. Manet itaque indubitanter firmum & certum, quod’ Ambra gryfea a variis pifcibu% praprimis autein a balrnis i .) deglut iatur, i.) poftea vel evomatury 3.) yel per alvum excernatur, 4.) vel quoque in- rerdum in its retineatur , & poll m rtem aut m eorum ventriculo 5 aut inteflinis reperiatur, prouc hx circumftantra non medo ab uno vel duobus, fed a permultis etiam fide dignis perlbnis, ex parte quoque jam a longinquo tempore unanrmiter relatar & confirmara funt ; led ex hrs plane non conclu- dendum eft, ac fi Ambra gryfea in ventriculo & in- teftinis horum pifeium generetur , vel earn db cau- fim, quia per aliquot tempus in corpore horum anima^- liumfuit, jam animale qnippiam faefta, vel idcirco Regno' anim alt jam accenfenda fit. Ultima opinio, qirse hue referri poteft, 5c quse multos quoque fui Fau tores habuit &C adhuc ha- bet, imo per duas, ex America ad Regiam £0- eietatem ante paucos annos, rranfmiflas Rela- tiones inprimis excitata, & tanquam nova, eerta, veraque dete&io orbi notificata eft, in eo confiftitv quod Ambra gryfea pro Recremento Animali , 5c. quidem pro Recremento Ceti reputetur, feu pro ma- teria, quae in Ceto ut fingulare aliquid generetur, cuius rei analogifmum adducunt, ficut CAftoreum in Caftore, Mofchus in animal i mofehifero, Zibethum in cato zibethino, feu Hyaena- odorifera, vel Bezoar in capris illud ferentibus, &c. Continuabitur hsec Differ tat to in N ° feq, * Fabr, Lyncei Expofit. in Anton. Rech, Edit. Roman, pag; 572. \ \ X\\\S AW i \ " . — a J /“**”• zyrevn*. J •e/ZlizZer .1.1/1//,% Me e/m/Zl/zante. Me ,/t,Z/ tf/eA/M tt/uZer Me ZMne - e/yyt/n ore A’ ZeorziZ/tt/ZeeZ 6’ Me yt/o/rofMe Zt//Ze < An/ me. je> M/iZ Me A/if yttei e ///HI moyonyyie/t Zj Zmemya mu Ae/ret /// Me ' /iZ/Ze me/rr-ti ZeASr rtetr ‘/My. bb.zMe Z/ZzZe fenme r/t //'. Me ' Zeyi 'ZZm/iej etre./r. /rente Me > ZimtiZ J" fteZytr//./ t/t Me 3.//Z- / / -onZhZ - Cf. yz7ti,/Z/r//// Mti/i/teeZt nr Zy Me Z^ZZ'aZZe/eerp J Mm yJMree/ZiZof2y./eeS Zy /Zb 2 ZZeir/ZuZi/r//J ■ liii. Z7%r 4-M/k/y m/reeerj. /-e/t/zt/Z rni/t // /f/////oZ Z'ret vt/nt/ Sr orrery e ZetrA ZZMre/.Zrt/Zy yt/Zr e/ZA/MrerZMeaame M /t-jc r/tte/ fn//eeu/ZyS rmrZZy /ir/yte/uZim- /ar. Maeof/ZftrZret/i S.Zef f \/\>JZiro,wnt//,jn/r. Severny & Wm/t etm/Zy/iZ/ecZ 'ey 6tmtya,t Yyyna/t Z/t/eZyeo/t, ZeM’cen yG//„r fyZZZumZ/Zer: Mey are ZoAeJoyt/ad/. ^ZeyeZ./AetZMtetr /rteMert /rent. u 'A/tfy n . /A sit /7is" tv ^rsc/str/i fr/s/n. y Vfizs/s/rs'// may//rft6&7i/firuat/fM [q.q.dft/'f/f/s,/ /r/i/r/r Mr, /fojrjftt yir(j/j.sr/'(>f//-(r freyd/ft /tru /was/, o yzirZ/rj d/ur/t fo \an rd/e/'d//

f/ir//rm/td' e Y&ytewJfm/i Mcmne freer yjnmt\ ireem/erfo/iayt rt tvm//ihittJ/ie>uZf ZAz.'z .drrsrnt/s ~//Ass/j ftn/ifain1 &t>on/< Anj /tu/e/tjA'z/- nMat/le shM/ AaJ idrtrZnm MAss/j Numb. 434, PHILO S O PH I C A L TRANSACTIONS For the Months of Septemb . OAob. and Nov. 1734. The C ONT E NTS. J. De A M B R A G R Y S E A. AuBore Cafparo Neumanno. M. D. ChemU Bro->. feff. Berolin. & (2^. 5: S'. Pars II. II. An Account of a new Engine for railing Water, in which Horfes or other Animals draw without any lofs of Bower ( which has ne- ver yet been praclifed) and how the Strokes of the Piftons may he made of any Length, to prevent the lofs of Water, by the too frequent opening of Valves, with many other Advan- tages altogether new 5 the Model of which was* fhewn to the Royal Society on the 28th of November, by Walter^ Churchman, the JnVentor of it. III. An The C O N T E N T S. III. An AbftraB of the Meteorological Diaries, communicated to the Royal Society, with <]$e- i marks upon them, by W. Derham, D. D. Canon of Windfor, F. <%. S. Part IV. IV. An Account of the Dead Bodies of a Man and Woman, which were preferred 49 Tears in : the Moors in Derbyshire $ being part of a Letter from Dr. Charles Balguy of Peter- borough, to Cromwell Mortimer, M. D. Sfc <5c quidem gravions, interim tamen ejufdem indolis , prout globi Ambras gry- fea olenr, qui quoque in eo3 abfque adhasfione, circimnatant . Internum veficae latus profunde coloratum eft ^ ipfo color e s quo liquor^ quod etiam in canali penis itidem fic reperitur. 10. Globi fatis duri ac folidi efle videntur? quamdiu Getus vivit, fiquidem perftepe obvenif^ dum faccus apCritur, 11. Quod concavi quidam cortices in eo jaceanty ejufdem fubftantias <5c conftftentise ac ipft gIobi3 a quibus decorticati, vel ut feftucse detruft funt. ii, Quique ex tneris ejufitodi di/linAi's corticibus velftratis, ubi alius fuper alium femper fitus eft* ceparum adinfiar, confiftere videntur* 33. Numerum globorum quod conCernit, ifte in una vefica nunquam quaternariutn fuperat, reference Dno Atkins* qui tempote quddam unicani tan- tum 2 1 libras ponderantem reperiffe sffirnfrat, at- que hunc omnium maximum fuifle, quern hac- tenus vidiffef . Porto in hac relations perhibetiny quod ' 14. Illi, ( y6 ) 3-4. XlH, qui capture Cetorum operam dant, obferva- verint, veteres tantum & permagnas , folum* modoque fexus mafculini Ceto?, A in b ram in fe ■continere ? fimul tamen Dn Atkins refert, 15, Se«nunquam vidifle, nec.pro certo audivilTe, Ba- ixnain foerainini fexus ex eogenere, quod fper- -tna Ceti largitur, captain fuifTe, quoad ipfe vix- erit : fexum quippe foemininum hujus fpeciei longe ej'e timidiorem quam mafculinum, unde earum captura impoffibilis fit, nifi forte (fectinda fortune) eas dorraientes ex improvifo fuperveni- rent, vel ipfx a catulis fuis detineantur; hoc interea pro certo affirmat, cymbas illis vigilan- tibus appropinquare non polTe, dum maximo- pefe timidi 6c pavidi fint. Addit his Dn Atkins, 16. Quod in refpeftu unius talis pifcis, hofceglobos continents, facile duo eorum reperiantur, qui ntillos , vel nihil amplius, quam ante memora- tum liquorem obfcure aurantium in faccis fuis haberent, denique Sc sy.Gloriatur quidern Ds. Dudley in fua Relatione moxin principio, p. 2 66, poft tamdiuturnam de Ambragryfea incertitudinem, tandem cum tem- pore, tanquam veritatis filia, deteftum elfe, quod * occultum hoc naturas nihil aliud, quam produflio animal'fs fit, ac in corpore iftius Balxnx, quae Sperma Ceti fuppeditat, excludatur velgener£tur/ ficutMofchus,<$tc. &p. 265), vel circa finem fuae Relationis ait: Spero,fore ut Societas tenui meae regioni honorem dete£Uonisy vel ad minimum certific ationis originis & naturae Ambras gry- feae attributura fit j nihilo tamen minus, Ipfe ( 577 ) 2 8. Ipfe brevi ante fatetur, quod femetipfum concer- nat, fe propriam opinionem de hac re prof erre non audere, fed cum eo contentum efle, quod ipfi, tanquam verum relatum Jit ; Quas vero relatio 19. Maxima ex parte a Dn Atkin?, per jo, vel 12, annos capture Ceti incumbente, & a.quibuf- dam aiiis, circa hunc traftum, degentibus vi» ris, ob capturam Cetorum famofis, impetrata fuite In Relatione D Boylfton praecipuafumma,.p. 1935 confifiit in fequentibus. , (a) Ambram gryfeam in nullo alio Ceto, rnifi in eo, qui Sperma Ceti fuppeditat, & quidem mafculo, , inveniri, atque in uno fcilicet ad zo plus minus libras. (b) Ex. centum ejufmodi pijcibusvlx in uno aliquid Atnbrse repertum efle. (c) Earn in cy Hide vel J'acca quodam reperirh (d) Quod hunc faccum interdura vacuum , interim tamen integrum offenderint. {e) Quod hie faccus nunquam in alio loco, ni(i circa partes genitales y. occurrat. ( f) Ambram hanc gryfeam, dum primum- eximitur, humidam Sc perquam penetrantis, adverfi tamenSC offendentis odoris efle, (g) An vero Ambra gryfea naturalker velaccidenta- liter in hoc pifee producatur i fe eruditis ad deter- minandum relinquere ; &t (h ) Tandem, quod etiam fuam Relationem d pif* catoribus tantum^ vel Ceti captatoribus accept rita » C 378 ) Patet ergo ex omnibus hifce addudK (1. Relationes duas memoratas in quibufdam parti- bus convenire. (2. In quibufdam verb etiam difcrepare, qus ta- men differentia quteftioni principaliori minime con- trariai%r. (A. Utrsque in his conveniunt: (1.) quod memo- rata Ambra tantum in cetis mafculis ejus fpeciei, quae Sperma Ceti fuppfditat, reperiatur, (2.) quod haec Ambra in cyfide feu vejica ofFendatur, (3.) quod frufta, 20, 21, vel 22 libras pondere sequantia oc- currant, (4.) quod haec cyftis prox'me ad partes pifcis genit ales fita lit, (y.) quod Ambra recens exe- ruta, humida be perquam penetrantis, adver ft ta- uten vel tetri odoris lir^ienique, (6.) quod has.fuas relationes, novafque detediones, pi/'catoribus, & Us, qui capture Cetorum incumbunt, debeant. (B. Differunt autem in fequentibus circumftantiis 1. Ds. Dudley refert, hunc faccum vel cyftidem quavis extremitate pojftdere canalem vel du&um, alterum a renibus prodeuntem dudum in parte fupe- riori facci, alterum in parte inferiori in & per penem tranfeuntem &C exeuntem canalem 5 e contra D. Boyl- fton, hanc cyftidem nec introitum nec exitum ha- bere, ait. 2. Ds. Dudley refert, licet etiam in qui- bufdam pifcibus nullam Ambram invenerint, Temper tamen liquor 'em iftum, de quo fub N° 8 mentionem fecimus, adfuilfe ; D. Boylfton verb, hunc facCum interdum plane vacuum repertum elfe, afiirmat. 3. Ds. Dudley memorat, ft in uno pifce Ambram reperilfent, in duobus contra fere nihil ejus extitilfe j fed D. Boylfton adducit, quod inter centum Cetos ( 3 79) vix unus occurrat, qui aliquid hujus Ambrse polfi- deat. Interim tres has differentiae facile conciliari pof- funt, ad (i“sin fcilicetquod attinet, ubi in Relatione D. Boylftoni occurrit, faccum nec introitum nec exi- turn habere, illud tantum orietur a negligentia illius pifcatoris, qui haec ipli retulit, & lingula non adeo accurate, ut Dn Atkinlij pifcator fecit, obfervavit, quomodo enim faccus mox repletus mox vacuus offen- di polfet, li nec introitu nec exitu prasditus elfet ? ad (ziim quod faccus interdum vacuus repertus fuerit, hoc (a) vel tantum de globis, vel (b) etiam de liquore in- telligi poteft, interim vero relationi Dni Dudley plane non ad verfatur, dum utrumque naturale elfe,vel lie tunc temporis contingere valet ; Tandem (3,uquoque diffe- rentia nullam involvit difficultatem, fed utrseque Re- lationes concordant, quod tantum in quibufdam, nul- latenus verb in omnibus Cetis mafeulis putatitia Am* bra inveniatur, &, prout conjicio, quivis referens modb numerum certum pro incerto pofuit. Ad utrafque has relationes, adduct as circumlfan- tias, &iputatitiam novam detetdionem originis na- turaque Ambr# gryfe#, quod ea fcilicet in memo - ratis Cetis generetur , vel quod Ambra gryfea produldum animale Jit, paucis regero : rem hanc fe ita plane non habere, fed hoc pro Ambra gryfea aeftimatum concrementum nullatenus veram Am* Iram, fed longe aliud, & diverfum naturale quid v elfe. In totum affenttor opinioni D" Prince, id quod 6c omnes viri judicioli facienr, qui generalem tan- tummodo conceptum de prascipuis Scientias Anatomi- cae partibus poflident, aut tantum feiunt, ubi quomodo partes principales in magnis belluis litas - Eee lint. ( ? Bo ) fint.. Opinio hxc exftat in Relatione D™ Dud* ley,p. 269, verbis fequentibus : Reverendus Dn Prince in Bofton, Ecckfiaftes perquam amatus, tneus inti- mas ac farailiaris in urbe vicina, qui prsecedentem Relationem a Dn Atkins accipiebit, antedidum fac- eum feu cyftidcm*, veftcam urinariatn , inibique de* tentos globos Ambrae gryfeae, cerium cone-return e(fe opina-tur, quod ex pingui Sc olid 1 fubftantia prae- dkdi, & in hoc facco content]*, liquoris forinaretur; Ego pro mea parte declare, quod (1.) Sic ditda cyflis nihil aliud, quam rcejJca urinaria Cetr, (a.) putatitia Ambra gryfea, quae in ea reperitur, nw hil aliud, quam calculus v ejicce , Sc (3.) ifte pene- tranter olens in fie appellate facco contemns liquor^ nihil aliud, quam urina Ceti fir. Confidefemur quafo mea fuperius extrafte notata, ubi fub N° 3 exfiat, faccum hunc, feu vefica m longitudrne 3 vel 4 pedes, latitudine 2, vel 3 pedes ad&quare, pie-, r-umque figuram vefics bubtihe repraefentare, 8c fere formam longi follis, quo fabri ferrarii utuntur, ha* here, annon hoc eft deferiptio veficae urinaria ? pra?«. cipue cum fub N° 4, 5, 7, adhuc reliqua requifita,, & debitus naturulis fitus prolixe deferibuntur, quo* raodo cum pene & renibus conneftatur, fab umbi* lie O' fuper tefticulos ad radicem penis- collocatus 5 porro fab N° 8', qaomodo penetrante & graviter 0* lente liquore prseditus fit, quern ordinarid, nulla quoque putatitia Ambra praefente, in vefica hac re- perirent, an hie liquor quicquam aliud, quam urim Geti eft? Et pofito^ fi D» Boylfton hoc, quod ex eo fub lit . (d) extraxi, ita intelleftum vellet, quod interdum etiam vefica vacua occurrerit (qaanquain circa hoc mentem fuam minus, accurate ex pticer, fed egQ ' ( ?8« ) ego potius credam, quod per verbum vacuum, noil vacuum ab urina, verum tanturn a calculis intellexe*. erit) turn itidem non plane impoffibile aut innatu- rale quid efiet, fiquidem aliquoties contingere po- tuiflet, ut Cetus eo tempore necatus fit, cum brevi antea urinam emifit, vel naturali modo hunc liquo~ rem ejecit. Urina ulterius fub N° 9, confirmatur, dum ibi alftritur, quod idem liquor (nempe Urina) etiam in canali penis feu urethra Ceti (uti oinnes u~ rinse) reperiatur. Quis denique liinc dubitaret, quod fic difti recenter reperti, <5c pro Ambra gryfea habiti globi non meri calculi veficas Ceti fint? Perpendamus quagfo ea attentius, qux fub N° 10, 11, 12, 13, (4.) Ulcer-ins ( ) (4,) Ulterius quasro : quo modo h&c Ambra gry- fea an oras littoris, vel ad terram appellere poffet ? Ex vivis, impoftibile eft ut provenerit, quia cyftis tantum exitum fuum per penem habet, & profe&b parvula frufta tranigrederentur, ft per hunc cana- Jem exire deberent, quomodo autem tanta Ambra frufta perreperent , quanta baud rarb reperta fue- runt ? Si quis verb obtendere vellet : frufta ralia ex Cetisdemortuis pro venire, facile regerere poflem^ qua ratione turn ex vefica egrederentur ? Prxcipue cum ejufmodi vefica membranofe . & fatis tenacis texturx fint, ita ut vix, fecundum rationem,,aliquis fufpicari queat, quod vefica poft mortem tarn facile difrumpere, vel his libere circumnatantibus globis exitum concedere poftit; ut ego opinor, Ambra nonnunquam cum ipfa cyftide circumnatans reperi- retur, ft non multoties, tamen aliquories, quale quid vero a nemine unquam nec auditum, nec vifum, nee experientia compertum eft* (5 ) Quomodo roftra avium, ungulx concha?, Jpin^ pifeium, & alia peregrina, quae interdum in Ambra gryfea reperiuntur, per renes St ureteres in veficam urinariam, vel potius in putatitiam Ambrx cyftidem tranfire & pervenire poflent? (6.) Denique, ut ulteriora argumenta contraria prateream, unicum tantum adhuc in medium addu- cam, quod verb ceu ar gum en turn primarium , & tanquam inconvincibile meum ac indifputabile prin - cipium regnlattvum chymlco-phyficum in omnibus rebus naturalibus, & fic etiam in Ambra gryfea, ur~ pote materia quadlionis* tanquam ultimas judex confiderari debet, quod me nunquam hue ufque fe- fellit, nec revera fallere poteft? ft modo cum com fideratione^ ( 3 ) fiHeratione, judicio, circumfpediione, & grano fa- tis fub decenti ordine adhibetur, quodque folum me movir, ut in hifce pagellis proponerem, Am. bram gryfeam minime produftum vel edudtum ani- male efle, quinimo, quod unice ac folum fat is fufficiens eft, licet etiara nihil de adducftis hadtenus opinionibus dixiflem, vel id quod dixi, tanquam fuperfluum confideretur, de hac re fententiam fe- rendi , & ad minimum veritatem, quod Ambra non Jit animate , declarandi. Notum eft, vel quivis, qui haec adhuc ignorat, aut forte in dubium vocare auderet, ipfe probare poteft, quod non tantum Caftoreum, Mofchus& Zibethum, fed omnia quoque animalia eorumque partes , ap- pellentur quoquo modo velint, quinimo quicquid etiam fint, in Analyfi chymica fe ut animalia ex- hibere debeanr, five Tint animalia integra, five eo- rum partes, fera aut domeftica, aves vel pifces, ver- mes vel alia infedta, five fit animale alimentolum, five medicamentofum, five plane venenofum, degat fuper terram, in aere,» in aqua, fubter terram, in mari vel in lacu, in asdibus vel in deferto, in Euro- pa vel America, vel ubi ubi relit, partes quoque fint five ficcx <$t folidse, five vifcofse, pingues, a- quofae, friabiles, tenaccs, leves, graves, vel alias, prout velint, ac quicquid eorum in mundo excogi- tari poteft, uno verbo ! Quod fi quippiam eft ani- male, turn etiam in proba chymica^ pnecipite aper- to igne feu defillatione per fe tanquam animale fe exferat & demonfret , oportet ; adeoque vel Spirit turn empyreumatico-urinofumi vel ejufmodi phleg- ma, vel oleum animale foetidum, aut cum eo adhuc Sal volatile urinofum^ eaque omnia fi non fimul, tamen ( ) tamen i, vel x partes, aut ad minimum ialtem ve= ftigium liquoris urinofi vel olei animalis empyreuma- tici largiatur necefle eft ; adhuc femel confiderare dico : Animalia neceffarib horum aliquid ofiendere ac in afpeSium proferre debent , quod odorem & guftum afficiat, quando ea per ignem tacftantur, prout quoque omnia animalia id revera Iargiuntur, quin & ipfa lapidea, terreaque Oftracodermata hac in proba animalem fuam profapiam negare nequeunt. Et fic quoque putatitii Ambrte globi , calculos ve- fiC32 Ceti puto, aperte & fatis fufficienter per hanc probain demonftrabunt , quod non tantum pure ani- malis, fed & pure urinofe profapite , nempe ex uri - na Ceti generati fint. Si quis e contra veram ab omnibus vifibilibus animalibus partibus depuratam , nec ab animali quodam olim deglut it am, fed opti- me pur am Ambram gryfeam recipit, & dejlillatio- ftem aperto igne eodem modo tra&at, eaque quae prodierunt, examinat, ille ne minimum quidem uri- nofi, nec olei animalis empyreumatici, nec quic- quam animale, fed plane diver fa £f> aliter modifi- cata produtta , alium liquorem , aliud oleum , & ali- quid de Sale alio reperiet, prout id poftea ulterius adducfturus ac demonftraturus fum. Hoc ergo tanquam infailibile fignum & indubia veritas fufcipi poteft : Simulac in chymica trafta- tione Ambrx gryfeae, vel minimum fubftantix ani- malis, five fit animale oleofum, vel urinofo-falinum aliquid, apparet, aut impetratur, quod hoc nulla- tenus ab Ambra , tanquam pura Ambra proveniat , fed ab alia quadam , hoc vel illo modo accident a - liter adveniente vel immixta animali re , qtiippe qua femper tanquam alienum quid? impurum & F f f ad . ■j ( 588 ) ad mixtionem Ambra gryfea non pertinent , con - fiderari debet ; five ergo fir, quod operatio fufctpta fuerit cum Ambra olim deglutita, five etiam cum non deglutita, in qua tamen roflra avium vel alias parvas animates partes iminixta fuerunr. Quod autem ejufmodi a pifcibus vel aliis anima- libus deglutita Ambra gryiea non quodammodo* aliquam alterationem, ad minimum aliqualem ma- culationem & animalem inquinationem perpeda fue- rit^ vix quifquam ncgare poterir, five ea poflea vo- mendo vel iaxando rurfus ejeSta, vel in mortuis pifcibus reperta & exemta fuerit 5 fufficit \ Quod aliquo modo a fuccis animalibus & devoratis cibis confpurcata , vel plane cum comeftis pifcibus aliif- que purrefcentibus, & fere ftercus faStis cibis di- geda, ad minimum infedJa, ac coinquinata, per con- iequens potius deteriorata, quam meliorata fit 5 un- de plerumque. multb ingratius olet, quin St nigri- canrior efle reperitur, imo experientia ipfos etiam incolas docuir, ejufmodi deglutitam antea Ambram ilarimfolo externo afpedu cognofcere, qualem prop- terea confequenter quibufdam in locis, ut fuperius jam dixi, ftercus vel excrementum Balxnx appellarc foliti font. Et cum utrxque ex America tranfmiflae fiepe memorat£ Relationes in totum proveniant prin- cipaliter ab ejufmodi perlonis, qua circa mercatu- ram & capturam Cetorum verfantur , proprie a pifeatoribus , captatoribufque Cetorum , imo ex par- te inde orta fint , quod quit audiverit, alterum dixijje ^ bine tanto minus ad hoc, tanquam aliquid indubitato certum aut novum de vera origine St Ef- fentia Ambras gryfe& attendendum eric. Derelinquo ( 38? ) Derelinquo igitur etiam hanc opinionem, meque jam ad ultimam difpartitionem feu claflem, ad eos nempe converto, qui Ambram gryfeam pro mine- rali aliquo habent, vel ejus originem in Regno mi- ner alt fundant. In quinque opiniones ilii difpefci, & fi opus eflet, unaquaeque earum, in certo fenfu fumta, approbari pofiet ; yerum cum generales expreffiones in hiftoria naturali, Chymia phyfica, variifque aliis fcientiis, modo occafionem ad confufionem, & intellecftum amphibolicum fuppeditent, hinc Temper melius eft, ut circa quamvis materiam, quantum equidem fieri poteft, Specialijfmum potius © maxime cbara - ficrijlicum adhibeatur, ficque mens noftra explice- tur. i. Hugo de Lindfchott, Ambram gryfeam Ter- ram ejfe perhibet *, quod fi hoc in fenfu latiori in- telligeret, & ad prima originajia principia phyfica recurrerent, turn haec opinio locum retinere pofiet ; cum vero per hanc non fufficienter fefe explicave- rit, multo minus plus quam fimplicem terream Am* brx mixtionem declaraverit, St credibile fit, Lindf- chottum denominationem illam non in ejufmodi fenfu phyfico pofuifie, fed fimpliciter Ambram pro mere terrea fubftantia habuifie, hinc non poflum non, hanc denominationem & opinionem pro erro- nea, contraque naturam, experientiam 5 1 proprie- tatis Ambrae gryfese pugnante, declarare, ficuti etiam cuivis facile notum eft, Terr am non tam facile fiammam concipere , nec adeo promote liquari , ne- * Vid. Klobii Ambras Hiftoria, p. 19. F f f 2 que i }9° ) que folutionem cum fplritu vini ddmittere , ut ali* as p lures Ambrx gryfex proprietates jam praete- ream. 2. Alii quodammodo ad proprietates liquationis & inflammabilitatis Ambrx animum adverterunt^ ut e. gr. Crato % aliique plures, hi propterea Ambram pro Sulphur e nativo & vero reputarunt ; Dl Salmon LondioenfiS, ait : effe Sulphur marinum f . Hxc de- ncminatio jam equidem excufari poflet, vocabulum Sulphur tropice vel Synechdochice, & in tantum intelligeretur aut innueretur, in quantum Ambra gryiea de principio inflammabili feu fulphureo par- ticipate fiquidem etiam non modo veteres, f d & adhuc hodie permulti, omne id quod flammam con- cipir, Sulphur denominant, five fit minerale, vege- table, vel animale, oleum, pinguedo, refina, cera, pix, balfamus, lignum, axungia, carbones, bitumen, Ipintus vini, vel quicquid aliud ; verum cum & hxc generalis denominatio nihil fpecifici exprimat, fed tantum occafionem fubminiftret ad diverfos con- ceptus, fimul quoque dare fatis pateat. quod llli ipfi, qui Ambram pro Sulphure nuivo & vero ju- dicarunt, nuilo modo ad principium inflammabile in utrifque relpexerinr, fed quod Ambram pro corn- muni naturali, perfed:o & vero fulphure habueriut, alias non verbis exprefiis Sulphur nativum. & ve- rum, fed forte tantum corpus fulphureum, materiam five fubftantiam Sulphuream appellafient, cum autem notorie fit, Ambram gryfeam plant! non ejfe Sulphur verum , inde hxc opinio nonnifi pro falfa & er* * In Confiliis a Laur. Scholtzio collect, column, 1093. f Vide London Difpenfatory , pag. 398. Edit. Lond, 169$. 8V*. ronea ( 3P 1 ) ronea haberi poteft, (i.) Ambra gryfea carbonibus candentibus infpergatur, odor in examine probetur* an cum cdore Sulphuris conveniat? (2.) tentetur Ambra gryfea cum Sale alcali fixo, an hepar Sul - phuris , Tartarum vitriolatum & plura ejufmodi fuppeditet? (3.) An Ambra Regulum Antimonii rur- ius in Antimonium crudum reducat ?■ (4.) An ex Am- bra in aqua calcis vivas, vel lixivio alcalino foluta, fiat Lac Sulphuris ? (5.J An ex Ambra & Mercuric cinnabaris prodeat, aliaque prseparata plura, quas alias cum Sulphure vero conficiuntur, cum Ambra gryfea quoque parari poflint? Omnia hxc fruftra- nea erunt, cundfxque eo tendentes probse fuperva- cux evadent, prout & Libavius Cratoni hac in re jam contradixit. Tandem quidam rei ipfi propius accedunt, ita ut plurimi Ambram gryfeam non tantum pro Minera- ls, fed etiam pro eo, quale revera eft, fcilicet pro Bitumine feu fpecie quadam bituminis asftima- verint, &adhuc asftiment j fed in certis circumftan- tiis nondum omnes unam eandemque fententiam fo- vere poffent, nam 3. Quidam aiunt, Ambram provenire in forma i vero in forma ficca . 5. Adhuc alii, earn in forma vifcefa, five confi- ftentias media;, in mare prodire afferunt. Different etiam in his, (a) quod quidam affirment : Ambram gryfeam ex littoribus fub terra prodire & in mare devolvi, {b) alii vero fatagunt evincere, quod ex abyjfo , feu potius fub terra fundi mans prodeat in mare. liquida . Ali 3.) Illi, ( m ) i.) Illi, qui autumant, Ambram gryfeam in prin- cipio fuiffe fluidam, vel qui, earn in forma liquida in. mare devenire, exiftimant, perhibent, Ambram in principio nature fua efte Bitumen liquidum , vel Speciem Naphtha , & inter hos recenferi volunc Ebnfina, Simeon Sethi, Nxvius, Avicenna, Agri- cola, Solenander, Bertinus, Libavius, Garcias ab Horto, Hadrianus Toll, Job. Eufebius Nierenber- gius, Francifcus Hernandez, & diverfi alii plures, qui omnes ftatuunt : Ambram ex manat ione font is bituminofi feu fontis Naphtha in mare devenirey differunt tantum in quibufdam parvis, caput rei non attingentibus circumftantiis, e. gr. Avicenna & Pfellus volunt, quod ex Scaturiginibus Lateralibus cum aquis fimul in mare profluat ; alii contra, in- ter quos etiam Nicolaus Chevalier, qui Anno 1700 magnum illud Amftelodamenfe fruftum Ambrae def- cripfit *, accenfendus eft, referunt, quod per le ex f undo marts fcaturiat, & ex Hydrophylaciis Kir- cherianis ad igne centrali quafi in mare deftilletur. z.) Alii, qui opinionem fovent, quod Ambra in forma fcca deveniat in mare, aiunt, earn efte Suc- cinum quoddam, feu revera ftccum Bitumen , quod eadem quoque ratione in mare feratur, ut aliud or- dinarium Succinum, feu Ambra citrina, Andreas Cadalpinus earn quidem appellat Gemmam, interim vero collocat fub Ipecies Succini. Supra citatus Dn Oelven, qui Ambram gryfeam pro Meteoro ven- ditavit, in fuo Tracftatu nihilominus certo loco ait f : Succinum magnam poflidere afBnitatem cum * Defcription de la Piece d’ Ambre grife pag, 54, &c. t Der Monathlichen curieufen Natur-Kunft-Staats-und-Sitten-Prae- fencen, Zweytes Stuck im Februar. 1708 pag. 56. Ambra ( m ) Ambra gryfea, hoc tamen fubeffe difcrimen, quod Ambra gryfea in calidis regionibus, in quibusomnes flores &C aromata fummarn fui generis perfedtionem 5 C fragrantiflimum odorem nancifcerentur ; Ambra cirrina e contra rantum in rigidis Septentrionahbus regionibus, longe frigidiori Mari.B^ftico, reperia- tur : proinde quoque hxc multo crafiioris atque du~ rioris fubftantiae fit. Denique experientifiinuis pa- riter ac eruditifiimus Dl Iienckelius * ait ; Ambram gryfeam, Succinum & Aiphaltum, feu Succmiun Orientale, Succinum vulgare, <3e Succinum nigrum plane non in principiis eiientialibus, fed tantum in quibufdam accident alibus & gradibus inter fie dif- ferre, qux ultima fententia inprimis cum experientia quoque convenit. 3 ) Illi denique, qui Ambram gryfeam in forma vifcofa confiftentia media , adeoque non penitus liquida, nec plane ficca, fed media, & quidem vif cosd forma confiftentiaque in mare devenire putanr, dicunt, quod ea primum tanquam mollis pix, vel ad fimilitudinem bolbiti in velfuper fundo maris re- periatur, ac fenfim fenfimque indurefcat. Helbigius idcirco after it : Ambra nec eft Gummi, nec Refi- na, neque ftercus avium, neque placenta apium, fed verus in fundo maris, picis adinftar jacens ViJ - cus-> quafi ut pix marina crefcens, id quod mer- cator qiiidam ex Baravia, qui oculis fuis illud af- pexiffet, ipfi hoc modo fcripfiffet f. Supra memo* ratus Celebris Rumpffius in literis ad Ten Rhyne datis, hoc certum eft, inquit, nec aliud quicquam novi, quam veterexn meam opinionem de origine * Vide Bethefda portuofa, pag. 74. t Ephem, Nat, Cur, Deeur. 1 Ann, IX, ex X, pag, 459. Ambra ( 194 > Ambrx gryfex proferre, nempe quod fit pinguedo quxdara, ex fundo maris proveniens, in principio quidem mollis <3c vifcida, qux poftea vero a falfe— dine maris indurefcat *. Aldrovandus* poftquatn va- rias opiniones adduxit, his demum concludit verbis : Sed has diftin&iones nullius efle valoris judicamus, quandoquidem non pifcium vel Cetorum excremen- turn, fed Bituminis genus efle aiferuimus f . Borellus tl equidem objeftionem quandam adhuc formare conatur, quod Ambra gryfea non (it Bitu- men, obtendens : Bitumina foetere, & ad internum nfum inept a effe ; verum in ejufmodi cafibus non femper a genere ad fpecies, vel a fpecie ad genus concludere poffumus, prout <5c vel folum Succinum vulgare contrarium, aut quod Borelli objeftio de Am- bra infufficiens (it, demonftrat, hoc nempe Succinum hcdieab omnibus hominibus pro bitumineagnofcitur, attamen verb nullo modof octet, fed copiose fatis & fecure pro ufu interno adhibetur, ut taceam, qux adducuntur in A&is Eruditor. LipfienC An. 1684, de quadam in Polonia exiftente Scaturigne feu fonte, qui bitumen liquidum fvaveolens medic ament ofum &C alimentofum largitur, odoremque fragrantijfi - mum & balfamicum poflidetj nec pluribus attingam oleum montis Zibini Francifci Ariofti, de quo Oli- gerus Jacobxus mentionem facit, Nicolaus Monardes jam dixit ** ; circa originem Ambrae varix circumferuntur opiniones, fed 'veriffima hxc eft, quod ea fit genus bituminis} <3c quidem ex * Valentini Ooft-Indifche fend-fchreiben, pag. .50. + Muf. Metallic. Lib. III. pag. 432. jl Loco citat. Obfervationum, ** De Simpl, Medicam, pag, 12, - fonte ( 3P5 ) fonte manans, quod, fimulacaerem fentit, ftatim in* durefcit, eodem modd, uti permulta alia fub aqua maris exiftentia concreta, utcorallia,&c. etiam mollia funt. Joh. Faber Lyncaeus, hoc igitur certiilimum eft, inquit, Ambram non effe aJiud, quam Bitumen *. Ut diflra in fummam contraham, plerique Scriptores rerum naturalium non tantum in hoc conveniunt i.) quod, dum de Bituminibus agunt, afferant, dari bitumina tarn liquida quam concern, 2.) omnia bitu- mina ad mineralia referenda effe, 3.) quod Bitumen ficcum nihil aliud, quam pinguedo terra tenax,facile- que-urens, dc 4.) Ambra gryfea iifdem proprietati- bus dotata, coniequenter abfque ulla contradi£bione non folum miner ale, fed in fuo etiam genere SZ fpecie Bitumen fit. Quamvis igitur, ratione conjijlentia origin all dum alter Ambram fub forma folida, alter fub forma vifcida & tenaci, tertius fub forma plane li- quida in mare devenire affirmat, adhuc nonnulla addi pofiint, attamen hoc apprime neceffarium effe, minime video, fiquidem tres ha opiniones , tan* quam primaria ex omnibus haBenus adduBis, fa- cile uniri, atque ita inter fe combinari queunt, ut certo refpe&u omnes tres re£te fentiant. 1. Nemo forte hominum, qui folidi quippiam, de origine multorum fubterraneorum intelligit, nega- bit, quod omnia Bitumina in principio fuerint liqui- da, licet etiam in forma liquida non in mare deve- nerint. * Job. Pab.Xyncaei Expofit. in Rech, pag. 565:.' G g g Ne* ( ;?< ) i, Neceffum eft, ut tam Ambra gryfea, quarra Ambra citrina in principio, ft non plane liquid a, ne- ceifario tamen, per aliquod tempus, in forma vifcofa , vel Ambra gryfea etiam, dum e mari ad littus eji- citur, faltem adhuc ejufmodi texturas fuerit, ut ft forte in mari jam indurata fuifier, a foie facile emol* liri potuerit, alias enim nec roftella avium, con- elite, teftaa, earum particular nec alia; quifquilia; ei inhxrere poflent, prout tamen varia ejufmodi in Am- bra gryfea, & fic quoque, uti fatis conftat, tam tnul- tivaria infe&a, aliaaque res in Ambra citrina, reipsi inveniuntur. j. Quod vero demum Ambra gryfea plane ariday vel in forma (iccay quamvis tanquam impurum & quodammodo mollius Succinum, interim tamen ut verum Bitumen appareat, hoc unicuique fatis evi- dens ac prasftb eft. De hac materia notatu digna funt verba Francifci Hernandez, inquientis: Ambra gryfea ex quibufdam fontibus Naphtha; in mare provenit, Sc procello fa tempeftate a vento ac flu&ibus ad oras littoris ejici- tur, eft fubftantia odoratiftma infammabilis feu ardens ,mwc dmior ,, nunc mollior, nunc friabilis, nunc fexilis. , ita ut quodammodo inter digitos Si den* tes, inftar cerae flefti vel extendi queat, Sic. Ego proinde, quantum perfpicere poflum, credo Si cenfeo. (i.) Ambram gryfeam identidem, prout Ambra citrina, ex terra in mare devenire. (i.) Earn non ficut Naphtha vel Petroleum, fed jam fub craffiori, flexili, Si probabiliter, fepe adhuc vifeida &, tenaci conftftentia in mare provenire. (3-) Q,uod ( 35 >7 ) (3.) Quod fubprima concretione vel formatione Ambrae gryfes bitumen liquidum vel Species Naph. ths concurrat, & mixtione fimul conftituat. (4.) Quod magna frufta fimul quidem generari poflint, ufplurimum tamen in principio tantum pau- cum quiddam fimul oriatur, cui fruftulo rurfus no- vum quoddam veluti ftratum fuperaccrefcat, vel fefe appUnaf, adeoque hoc modo per plura & recentiora Temper ftrata Ambra gryfea nunc in rotunditate, nunc in longi: udine, vel etiam in plane insquali forma augeatur & increfcat, fub qua formatione Tem- per adhuc aliquantum mollis fit, unde van's res ei agglutinari poliunt, interim de tempore ad tempus Tenfim fenfimque magis induretur, circiter ufque ad capfiftentiam cers. Et cum pleraque Ambra gryfea ita fub forma fratorum vel corticum appareat, hinc forte hsccir- cumftantia eos, qui in America degunt, feduxir, ut fibi imaginarentur, quod eodem modo, ut lapis £e- zoardicus, vel calculus generetur, cum tamen con- fiderare potuiflent, diverfa alia corpora fubterranea plura, tarn bituminofa, ut carbones folfiles, miners aluminofe,&c.quam etiam aliamineralia, utTalcutn, Ardefia, Glacies Maris, &c. eadem fub figurdy ac .calculi animates, per f rata oriri. Caeterum nequidem adeo necefiarium exiftimo, primam originem Ambras gryfes tarn profunde rima- ri, vel primordialem ejus generationem tarn accu- rate velle perfcrutari. Quis enim indubitate certo explicare poteft, qua rationevilius illud & in majori quantitate occurrens vulgare Succinum oriatur? Q.uo- modo metalla, femimetalla, gemmas, fluores, atque innumera aiia concreta mineralia generentur i de pau- G g g 2 ciflimis ( ;s>8 ) eifiimis mixtis Secompofitis fubterraneis certum quid novirrius, quo fiant modo-, licet hoc& illud conjicia- mus, imo, quamvis de permultis fcire 5C experiri poflimus, quid fint. Ut mihi videtur, relatio ifta vel notitia, quo aut quali modo ill# d Deo folo crea- te res fa£taefint, vel quomodo ex adhuc duin fiant & generentur, nobis non adeo neceffaria nec utilis eft, nequaquam enim nos miferi homines ejufmodi, ex incomprehenfibili Supremi omnipotentia, orientes creaturas propterea imitari portemus; fed eo plene contenti efte poftumus, fi modo refte no vim us, quid Jint h#c naturalist ? nimirum (i.) ex quo naturae regno ifta, quam ad manus habemus, Dei creatura proveniat, (i.) quidque ea fir, non tantum nomine tenus, vel fecundum nudum afpe&um, fed primaria, fecundum inter nam ipfi us mixtionem , afeBionem & indole my qus.pofterior cognitio ex fe ipfa priorem mamfeftat, ita ut faltem Chymicus faspe non opus habeat qusrere vel nolle, an Subje&um, quod lpli ad manus eft, vegetabile, vel minerale, vel animate fit? idque tanto minus, quia alius ipfi fortafse plane falfam, atque cum natura 5i proprietatibus Subje&i nullatenus convenientem refponfionem vel relationem (ut e. gr. de Ambra gryfea) dare porter. Sed Chy- micus ea tantum inftrumentis fuis examiner, vel con. fiderato per Chymiam evolvat, turn ipfi non nude dubiofa, fed plan£ indubia, difputationum non indi- gens, irrefutabilis ac vera refponfio in manus Sc ocu- Jqs incurret. Hoc igitur verum fundamentum eft, cui inniti, 5c per quod omnes dubias vel penitus er- roneas, licet et'iana do&e Sc probabiliter excogitatas, vel ornatiflime ac prolixfe defcriptas, impreffas, aut asri prorfus incifas praefigurationes Si opiniones, fi nempe e (???) nempe experientiae Chymico-phyficas, tanquam fn- cer'ijfim & infallibili lapidi lydio mix far tm na« luralium non refpondeant, oppugnare, iifque libere contradicere poffumus. Ut finiam, non poffum non mirari, quod Faulus Hermannus, in materia mediea fat is expertus, ne ver- bum quidem de Ambra gryfea in Cynofura fua ad- duxerir, licet, earn prateriilTe, fatius egerit, quam ft ridicula talia propofuiffet, ut hoc in cafu Leonhard Fuchfius * fecit, quippe qui, nullam in orbe Am* hr am nativam dari, fed omnem fatditiam' effe, ju- dicavit j Sepultam vero mittamus fi'mpliciflimam hanc opinionem cum fuo inventore, <5c contra ulterius con- fideremus, unde Ambra apportetur*, <5c qua ratione ordinario fe in commercio vifui noltro exponat? Ambra gryfea maxima ex parte apportatur ex In- dia Orientali, ex & circa Infulam Madagascar, ex Infulis Moluccenfibus Mauritii ad Neykotarres, In- fulis Occidentalibus Sumatra:, Infula Borneo, 5c Caep Commoriis ad Malabar, ex littoribus iEthiopicis, quippe qua: a Sofala ufque ad Brana perquam am- brifera effe perhibentur. Et fic alia: quoque regiones ac loca in mundo reperiuntur, (iquidem Ambra in mari longe admodum propelli, adeoque centenis in locis, regionibus <$C fituationibus littoris miris ejici, vel &t aliis modis, uti fuperius adduximus, offendi poteft. Confideratu dignum eft, quod preciofum hoc bitu- men non raro in permagnis frujtis feu maflis repe- riatur. Non quidem adducam, quas Faber Lyn- C22US ex Gregorio de Bolivar refert, interdum frufta * Fuchfius d« Compof. Medicamentor. J-ibr* I. pag. 2 1 1* Ambra 1 ( 4°° ) Ambrae 100,000 libras ponderantia dari, multomi- nus, quse in Garcia ab Horto exftant, totas Infulas Ambra gryfea plenas exiftere, & in regions iftarum Infularum totum maris fundum Ambra praeditum efle j omnium minime ad ea animum reflechm, qua; qui* dam nationc Gallus, nomine Ifaac Vigny, qui per aliquod tempus peregrinatus eft, refert, fe Regionem feire, quse adeo dives fit Ambrse, ut mille naves e£ fola onerari poffent, de omnibus his, inquam, nimi* urn excedentibus vhyperbolis, nihil quicquam addu- cam, fiquidem ea non parum fabulofa, ultimum mihi magis quam Vafconicum videatur, fed fequentia tantum exempla, tanquam veritates confiderari, vel faltum hoc exinde certum reddi poteft, quod ingen* tia utique Ambrae frufta dentur. Anno 1555, in Promontorio Comorim fruftum Ambras gryfeae circiter 3000 librarum repertum eft, quod turn temporis pro Afphalto feu communi Bitu- mine vendideiunt. Joh. Hugo de Lindfchot air, circa hoc Promontorium quondam fruftum 30 Quintalium, ut vocant, id quod circi ; ter 1 yo Centenarios pondere asquat, deprehenfum fuilfe. Monardes & Francifcus Hernandez mentionem faciunt de fruftis 100 libra* rum. Garcias ab Horto etiam frufta Ambrae adducit, qux magnitudinem viri adasquarunt, ulterius fruftum, quod 90 manus latas in longitudine, & 18 manus latafe in latitudine complexum fuit. Montanus me- morat de frufto, quod 130 libras ponderavit, <3c a Rege in Satfuma Anno idy^confervatum fuit. An- no 1 666y circa Promontorium viride ad fluvium Gambi, fruftum 80 librarum ejeftum & in Hollan- diam afportatum eft. Anno 1691, Amftelodami fuit maffa 4 z librarum. Daniel de Bruel, circa Malaccam ( 4oi ) Malaccam fruftum 33 libramm repertum fuiffe, af- firmat. Rom# fruftum, magnitudine caput viri ad#quan$, eft Similiter etiam Rom# & in Loret- to, variifque aliis Italian locis permulta preciofa & artificiose fabrefacfta ex Ambra gryfea vifuntur, qu^? h#c ex permagnis fruftis elaborata effe, fatis fuper- que demonftrant. Ante dibtus Vigny non parvum fruftum habuit, fecumque ex India afportavit, fiquidem 1300 li- bras Sterl, pro eo accepit. Notus adeo Ksempferus ipfe teftis eft, fuo tempore in Japonenfi Provincia Kinokuni fruftum Ambr# repertum fuifle, quod Joo Catti, feu 130 libras Hollandicas pondere fu- peraverit. Fratres germani Joh. Andreas <3c Marcus Matfper- ger Auguft# vindelicorum a Roberto Struzzi Vene- tiis Anno 1613, fruftum coemerunt, 48 libras &C 8 uncias ponderans. Et quid opus eft plura conquirere, recentiffimum, optimum & maxime convincens exemplum habemus in magno illo frufto Ambr# gryfe#, quod Societas Indi# Orientalis in Hollandia, Anno 1693, a Rege Tidori pro 11,000 thaleris coemit, cui primum for- ma teftudinis, ac pondus 182 librarum fuit, & craf- fitie 5 pedes & 8 poliices, longitudine vero 2 pe- des 2 poliices ad#quavit : Ante memoratus Ni- colaus Chevalier prolixe illud in exiguo Tracftatu Anno 1700/ Amftelodami impreffo, defcripfit, St varias icones #ri incifas, prout hoc fruftum ab omnibus lateribus apparueraf, addidit. Fruftum hoc Amftelodami per multos annos cuftodi- turn, & a tot centenis, fi non aliquot millibus honainum tanquam raritas fingularis vifitatum? tan- ( 4o* ) dem in frufta confra&um 6c audionis lege venditum fuit, ita ut permulti eorum, qui adhuc in vivis func, hujus rei oculati tefles efte poffint, & per confe- quens nemo de hac circumftantia, quod iatis mag- na frufta Ambrae reperiantur, dubitare debeac, hac occafione femel adhuc quxro, qua ratione Ameri- cani Domini referentes cum fua cyftide hie con- venient, ft de tam ingentibus Ambrae gryfeae fruftis auditu vel ledu quicquam percipiunt > Continuabitur hac ‘Differ tat to in N° feq. II. An Account of a new Engine for railing Water, in which Herfes or other Animals draw without any lofs of Tower ( which has ne- ver yet been pratlifed) and how the Strokes of the Pi Hons may be made of any Length, to prevent the lofs of Water, by the too frequent opening of Valves, with many other Advan- tages altogether new 5 the Model of which was fhewn to the Royal Society on the 1 8th of November, by Walter Churchman, the Inventor of it. The Delcription of this Engine is given on the Sides of the Plate, where the Engine it [elf is like wife delineated. Vide Tab. TH E Animals all draw horizontally, and in a ftreight Line, and at right Angles, whereby they exert their utmoft Force, — By thefe Advan- tages ( 4°J ) tages a far greater Power is gain’d from the Strength of Horfes, &c. than F>y their going round in a Circle; for by the Twill and Acutenefs of the An- gles, they draw in towards the Centre, whereby they wafte their Power, and alfo ihorten their Levers : Befides, their Mufcles and Tendons from their hin- der Legs all along their Sides to their Necks are unequally {train’d, as the Duty is hardeft on one Side, even tho’ their Walk is large. Therefore each of thofe Inconveniencies mult be attended with Pain to the Animals when at Work, and a great Lofs of their Strength. idly, A Crank does not rife quite one third of its Circle, neither do the Regulators or Rods rile or fall perpendicular, but obliquely, by which an oval Figure is made by the Pifton’s Motion in every Cylidder, which occafions great Fri qua de re fiat , ut ( 4°8 ) apud nos Aqua congelefcat, Thermometri liquor e vix ad gr. 55 deprejfo, quum Londini id non ac - cidat niji ad gr . 6 y, quo loco v eft rum Froft eft notatum . iS7 ‘zWetf Fhilofophari , ad Aqua in Gelu concretionem, prater intenfum Frigoris gra- dum, aliquid aliud requiritur , gw noftris , #0# *>/ veftris regionibus Aer ditatus eft . Qnemadmo- durn ut Aqua in Glaciem arte mutetur , 0/* fola , y^/0 admovenda . And as at Naples it Freezes at a warmer De- gree of the Thermometer 5 fo I obferve that at Chriftiana the illuftrious Obferver complains of the vehement Heat of the Sun , Aifius Solis ve- hemens , in when the Spirits were but at 36 Degrees and 34 Degrees; in Augufl at 25*, 27, and 28 Degrees, he fays, the Weather was exceeding hot , Coelum calidijjimiim. I thus diftin&Iy mention (as the Author doth) the 0/ 6W/, and the Heat of the Weather , becaufe they may not mean the fame Thing, I having been informed by the Whale-Fifliers, that in Greenland the Heat of the Sun is fcarce tolerable on one Side of the Ship, when on the other Side it Freezes hard. At Bengal the Heat at fome times feems to be very intenle, by the Thermometer being, in fome Months, more Degrees about the o, than the Point of Extreme Heat is. As particularly in April , May and June , it was 6 , 7, and 8 Degrees above o. But thofe exceffive Heats are generally in the After- noons, the Forenoons being more temperate, and the Temperature, or what they call Cold there, is at the fame Time of the Day. And the Degree of the Thermometer, at which they reckon it coldifh, is about ( 4CP ) about is Degrees. And on May zd, at 8 o? Clock in the Morning, Mr. Bellamy faith (the Glafs be- ing then at 20.4 Degrees) The Morning teas like Winter Weather in Europe. Whether this fo different Judgment of great Cold at Bengal , when the Thermometer was about ao Degrees ; and of exceflive Heat at Chrijiiana 5 when it was but a little below that, viz. at 25* Degrees, Whether, I fay, this difference of Judgment arifes from fome Prejudice of the Seufes, or from fome extraordinary Quality in the Air, I leave (as Dr. Cyril doth) to the Judgment of the learned Society. As to the Weather, Winds, Pvain, &c. of the feveral Places, it would be endlefs to meddle with Particulars, and therefore a tranfient View of every Month mud fuffice. At Naples , January was a cool Month, frequent Rain, with much Thunder and Storms of Wind. The Rain amounted to 1 1 ii Meafures (23 of which make an Englijh Inch in Depth) which is 4 Inches 19s Meafures, or near 5* Inches Depth. Vefuvius was pretty quiet. February was a drier Month, the Rain amount- ing only to 14 Meafures, which is but little above half an Inch deep. The Weather was for the moil: part Cloudy, with fome Frofts. Vefuvius emitted a thick Smoak. At Naples , in March it was cold, with Hail, and Snow on the Mountains, the Rain amounted to 101 Meafures, which makes 4 Inches, 9 Meafures depth. The Winds were in all the Points. Vefuvius difc charged Rivulets of Fire, At ( 4i° ) At Bengal the five laft Days (which were all ob* ferved in this Month) were Fair, the Wind Sl< In Jpril the Winds at Naples were much in the northerly Points, cold, frequent Thunder, the Rain only 38 Meafures, which make 1 Inch, ijMea- fures. No Fire in Vefuvius the Beginning of the Month, but towards the latter End, divers Rivers of Fire and Smoak. At Bengal the Wind was much among the foutherly Points, Cloudy, fome Rain and Thunder. The Weather for the tnoft part temperate, but great Heats in the Afternoons. In May, at Naples, the Wind lay much in the wefterly and foutherly Points. Rain 103! Mea- fures, which makes 4 Inches ni Meafures Depth, with frequent Thunder. Vefuvius caft out Rivets of Fire, which reached almoft to the Bottom of the Mountain. At Bengal the Winds varying, but for the moil, part foutherly, with much Cloudy, Rain, and Thunder. The Beginning of the Month colder than ordinary \ afterwards exceeding hot. In June , at Naples, the Wind was much in the wefterly and north-wefterly Points, but little Rain, only 6i Meafures, which is but about a quarter of an Inch depth. At Bengal, much Rain with Thunder and Heat. On June 6th, it is noted, we are now pretty certain the Rains are fet in. At Chriftiana , the Obfervations begin on June iid. The Weather temperate, and for the moil part cloudy, with Thunder, Hail and Rain. ( 4") July, at Naples , was a very hot, dry Month, Without any Rain, but frequent Mifts. Vefuvius quiet. At Bengal frequent and much Rain, with Thun- der and Lightening ; for the mod part cloudy. Winds perpetually varying. At Chrijtiana, great Rains with Thunder, fre- quent Fogs, ibme Fair, and Complaints of vehe- ment Heat, although the Thermometer was but at 30 Degrees in that Month. In Align (1, at Naples , the Wind was in the wefterly and north -weflerly Points. Showers with Thunder were frequent, which amounted on- ly to 491 Meafures, which is but a little above a -Inches depth. And although, by the Table, the Weather feems to have been warm, yet there are fre- quent Complaints of the Air being cold. Vefuvius call forth a large River of Fire. At Bengal much Rain, with Thunder and Cloudy. Winds varying, but pretty much Eafterly. Weather fometimes very hot, but for the mod Part more Temperate than in fome of the other Months. At Chrijtiana the Winds various j frequent Mifts, with Cloudy, and fometimes Fair, and fometimes Rain. Great Complaints of Heat, although by the Thermometer no great Signs of it. In September t at Naples , the Winds various, and very ftormy towards the latter End of the Month, with horrible Thunder, Lightening, and heavy Rain, which amounted to 2202 Meafures, making 9 Inches 131 Meafures in depth; which was more than fell in any Month of this Year, and drowned the Marlhes, and did a great deal of Damage to I i i Houles, ( 4»* ) Houles, Trees, €fc. Vefuyius was quiet at the Be- ginning, but fiery at the End. Bengal r, hath only the 7 firfl: Days Obfervatious where the Wind was moftly Eafterly, Cloudy, and Showery, with Thunder and Lightening. The Obfervations of the remaining Months are all of Naples , where, in October, the Wind was various, and fometimes ftormy, with Thundery frequent Miffs, and fome- times heavy Rain, amounting to 107 Meafures, which make 4 Inches 15 Meafures, and in the Mourn tains Snow. Fefuvius turbulent in the Beginning of the Month, and emitted a River of Fire. November was, for the moft Part, a cloudy mir- ling Month, with Thunder and Rain; but of no greater Quantity than 7 j Meafures, which are equal to 3 Inches 4 Meafures depth Englijb. The Wind was more Northerly than in any other Quarter. The Fire of Fefuvius lefs. December was a wet,unfeafonable Month, the Rain being 179 Meafures, which is 7 Inches 18 Meafures in depth ; which following the Rains and unfeafon- able Weather of the preceeding Months, fo damaged the Fruits of the Earth, that publick Prayers were ordered for fair Weather. The Rain of the whole Year the illuftrious Ob- ferver computes at 3 Englijb Feet 7 Inches and 145 Meafures. And to Ihew how much wetter this Yea* was than the others, he gives thefe Quantities of the Year 17x4, a- Englijb Feet 10 Inches, 14 Meafures; of 1715:, 2 Feet 10 Inches, 17 Meafuresjof 1 716, i Foot, 11 Inches, 14a Meafures. IV. An ( 4>3 ) IV. Jn Account of the Dead Bodies of a Man and Woman, which were preferred 49 Years in the Moors in Derbyfhire j being pan of a Letter from Dr. Charles Balguy of Peter- borough, to Cromwell Mortimer, M. D. (Z^. S. Sec. IT is very common to fee dead Bodies which have been preferved by Art for many Ages : But that they (hould lie unchanged by means of the Soil only in which they were Interred, will appear ftrange to molt People; nor (hould I have taken upon me to relate it, had it not happened in the Neighbourhood where I was born $ and that I had an Opportunity therefore of informing myfelf well concerning it. The Perfons of whom you have the following Account were loft in a great Snow on the Moors , in the Parifh of Hopey near the Woodlands in Derby- Jh'tre , January the 14^1,1674; and not being found 'till the 3d of May following (the Snow lafting probably the greateft part of that Time) they then fmelt fo ftrong, that the Coroner ordered them to be buried on the Spot. The Man’s Name was Barbery he had been a confiderable Grafter, and was well known by the People that found him : but being re- duced in his Circumftances, was then going off with his Servant-Maid for Ireland. They lay in the Peat-Mofs 28 Years 9 Months before they were look- ed at again, when fome Countrymen, having obser- ved, I fuppofe, the extraordinary Quality of this Soil in preferving dead Bodies from corrupting, were curious enough to open the Ground to fee if thefe Perfons had been fo preferved, and found them 1 i i x no ( 4*4 ) no way altered* the Colour of their Skin being fair and natural, their Flefh foft as that of Perfons new- ly dead. They were afterwards expofed for a Sight ao Years, though they were much changed in thar time, by being fo often uncovered ; and in the Year 1716, Dr. Bourn of Chejler field was there, who gave me this Account of the Condition they were then in, viz. The Man perfed, his Beard ftrong, and about a 5 of an Inch long, the Hair of his Head fliorf, his Skin hard and of a Tann ’d-leather Colour, pretty much the fame as the Liqour and Earth they lay in : He had on a Broad-cloth Coat, which he tried to tear a Skirt ofF, but could not. The Wo- man, by fome rude People had been taken out of the Ground, to which one may well impute her greater Decay ; one Leg was off, the Flefh decayed, the Bone found, the Flefh. of one Hand decayed, the Bonefound jon herFace, theupperLip, theTip of her Nofe decayed, but no where elfe. Her Hair was long and fpringy as that of a living Perfon. He took out one of the Fore-Teeth,the upper Part of which, as far as was contained in the Socket, was as elaftic as a piece of Steel ;and, being wrapp’d round his Fin- ger, fprung again to its firft Form ; but this Power was loft in a few Minutes after it had been in his Pocket. Mr. Barber of Rot her am ^ the Man’s Grandfon, was at the Expence of a decent Funeral for them at laft in Hope Church, where upon looking into the Grave fome time afterwards, it was found they were entirely confumed. Mr. Wermald the Minifler of Hope was prefent when they were removed : He obferved that they lay about a Yard deep, die Soil or Mofs moift, but r.o ( 4*5 ) no Water flood in the Place at all. He faw their Stockings drawn off, and the Man’s Legs, which had never been uncovered before, were quite fair ; the Flelh, when preffed with his Finger, pitted a little, and the Joints played freely and without the leaft Stiffnefs : The other Parts were much decayed: What was left of their Cloaths (for People had cut away the greateft part to carry Home as a Curiofity) was firm and good ; the Woman had on a piece of new Serge, which feemed never the worfe. Thefe are all the Particulars of moment which my Friends, who faw them at this diftance of Time, are able to recollect. The Thing is certainly very remarkable, as there are no Means known (I believe) of preferving dead Bodies fo well. I leave People to pleafe themfelves, by making their own Obfervations upon it; though fometime or other, when I have Opportunity and Leifure to furnilli myfelf with the neceffary Experiments, I may trouble you again on this Subject. V. An Account , by Dr. Richard-Middleton Maffey, of a Dook^ entituled Locupletiflimi Reurm Naturalium Thefauri, accurata De- fcriptio , fsc. Vol. I. Amftel. 1734. in Fol. An exal J Defcription of the principal Curiofi - ties of Nature, in the large Mufeum of Alber- tus Seba, F. 5^. S. Vol I. Amfterdam, 1734. THIS magnificent Work is to confift of four large • Folio Volumes. The ingenious, curious, and molt diligent Colledor, takes in all parts of Natural Hiftoryg ( ) Hiftory, and gives us Defcriptions and Figures of things fcarce ever feen or heard of before in Europe, which he has collected from all Parts of the World, with vail: Charge as well as Induftry. The Firft Volume contains m Plate?, befides the Author’s Effigies, and the Decorations curioufly En- graven by the beft Hands. He begins with the Anatomy and Skeletons of feveral Fruits, Leaves, and Roots: The Method of performing which, he communicated to the Royal Society fotne time ago ; ’tis printed in the Philof. TranfaH. N°. 415. He then goes on with a Defcription of feveral curious exotic Plants, with a particular Account of the Za- goe Amboynenfium, Morus Papyrifera , Sic. After thefe follow a great Variety of different forts of Ani- mals from all parts of the World. Armadillo's, Ai, or Sloths, Spiders, Millepedes, Scorpions, Plying . Squirrels, Opojj'ums , Mice, Rats, Cats, Dogs, large Frogs and Toads. A Defcription of the Pipal, a fort of T oad, whofe Toung are produced on the Back of the Female. An Account of the Transformation of Frogs from Pipes, and back again from Frogs to Fijbes. Several kinds of fcarce Lizards, Iguana's , Chame- leons, Salamanders, TortoiJ'es, Crocodiles j of which two laft, fome are reprefented in the Eggs, and fome juft excluded. A Dragon or Ba/ilisk from Ameri- ca, with above fifty feveral forts of Serpents. FINIS, ^Ac/MopA.^/rnr^ 5. Numb. 435. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS For the Month of "December , 17 34- The C O N T E N T S. I. De AMBRA GRYSEA. Julio n Cafparo Neumanno, M. D. Chemu ^Pro - feff. Derolin. & S. S. Pars III* II* Editoris Recenfio Experiment or urn circa A ru- bra m Gryfeam a Domino Joh. Browne, Pf S. S. & d Dno. Ambrofio Godofredo HanckemtZj R- S. S* inflitutorum, cum D. Neumanni, <2^* 5. S'. Experimenti fid vindi- e a done* III, An Account of Mr. Thomas Godfrey* Im° provement of Davis’* Quadrant, transferred to the Mariner’s-Bow, communicated to the Royal Society, by Mr. J. Logan. I I I - IV. An The C O N T E N T 5. IV. The Defcription and' Ufe of an Inflrument for taking the Latitude of a Place at any time of the bay- 5 by Mr * Richard Graham, F.R.S. ' V. An AbJlraB of the Meteorological Diaries, Communicated to the Royal Society, with (Re- marks upon them , by William Derham, T>. D, Canon of Windfor, F.'R.S. Part V. J, De C 4'7 ) I. De AMBRA GRYSEA. Autiore Cafparo Neuman no, M. D. Chemia vis, ac fi corio luperduda efiet, 6. colore puniceo, 7. cum ftriis, 8. maculofa, & 9. plane nigricans. (a) Ambra qute nunquam deglutita ab animalibus fait, ut & ( b ) quae ab iifdem deglutita feu devorata & poftea rurfus in mare ejeda, vel etiam in ipfo- rum corporibus reperta fuit. Haec pofterior, fcilicet Ambra qux deglutita fuit, ut jam ante memoravi, ell omnium viliffima & le. viffiroa, nam utplurimum aliquid de loco manfionis feu foetore animali fecum fervat, li proptereaque fa- cile a bona Ambra diftingui poteft. Sic 8c plane nigricans , & penitus albicans Ambra nullius valo* ris eft, ftmiliter, quae la vis, uniformis 8c nimium pura externo vifui apparet, quoque fulpeda, raro genuina, plerumque adulterata, fi non penitus fadi- tia vel compofita exiftic. Ea contra, quae ccloris eji cineritii ftriis dotata, vel etiam albicans maculo- fa, nigte vel flave maculata, externa crufta nigri- canti praedita, licet quoque non adeo pura, fed cum roftellis avium, particulis fepiae, lpinis pifcium, vel aliis rebus hinc inde commixta fit, nihilo tamen fe- cius pro optima habetur ; Quanquam adeo necefta- K k k rium ( 4*8 ) rium non fir, ut ejufmodi avium roftra, fimilefque impuritates femper admixra habeat, fed utique, fi earn accipere poffumus, pura potius quam impurior, eligi poteft : Haec tan turn ideo adduco, ut noicatur, quod optima etiam Ambra variis plerumque quif- quiliis commixta efte foleat. Primary proprietates bonae Ambrae gryteas (ex- ceptis iis, quas jam memoravi) fequentes funt, ut fit levis, contacftu fere ut cera, fimui quidemfriabi- lis, interim aliquantum tenax, ita ut fub contufione mortario vel piftillo adhaereat, odoris fragrantis, ad candeiam urentem facile inflammabilis & conftanter flammam fervans, fuper ignem vel candenrera car- bonem facile liquefcens, & nullius fingularis nec amari nec aufteri, neque acidi neque falini feporis. Ordinario Ambram, ne multum perdatur, acu candente, vel alio fubtili fervido inftrumenro pro- bare folent , an fit genuina nec ne ? pungunt fcilicec ilia Ambram, turn circa acum, vel etiam luperne proveniens aliquid nt fufa rejina apparere deber, vel projiciunt earn fuper prunas, auc paucum quid- dam in cochleari argenteo fuper flammantem can- deiam liquelcere faciunt. Haec proba habet equidem fuum ufum, verum fi non accurate exhalantem odo- rem cognofcas, & adhuc varias plures alias circum- ftantias obferves, fed unice ad folam hanc lique- fabHonem attendas, turn & hxc ufitara proba fallere, ac in adulterata imo plane faeftitia Ambra itidem obtingere poteft, nec minus ea proba, q am Dl Ett- muller olim commendavit, ioquiens: Veram Am- bram in manibus, ut cera, mollefcere, fa ^ ", \ nui 5. Pofro ( 411 ) 5. Pcrro omnis faflitia vel adulcerata Ambra fub fdlutione fe prodet, & longe aliter fe geret, quam vera. 6. ) Denique et'iam in deftillatione aperto igne , in qua falfa perquam recedit ; ut alias probas jam praereream, Vera proinde Ambra gryfea eft Bitumen, Sc qui- dem, inter nota hadtens bitumina .fuccinum proximo tequans, vel ei accedens, excepta duritie,ac pellucidi- tare : Proximum eft ipfi in lua mixtione non tan- rum prse reliquis bituminibus, nec folum pr^ omni- bus aliis mineralibus, verum & pra omnibus ceteris rebus in univerfo mundo , quoque etiam modo ap* pellentur, prout ulterius percipiemus. Quanquam vocabulum Birumen nihil aliud figni- fleet, quam mixtum quoddam minerale, tamen plu- rimi hiftorias naturaiis Scriptores iilud ad hanc fpe- cificam fignificationem redegerunr, quod ejufmodi mixtum proprie fit Binguedo terr eminentem fuccini odorem continet ; fi vero Ambra cum aqua igni applicetur, turn quidem pari ratione liquefcit adinftar refinx, 6cinficit aquam aliquatenus odore Ambrce, licet ei fe non immifceat, qui odor quoque facile rurfus per deftillationem fe- paratur; verum cingens earn humiditas impedit fi- mul refolutionem mixti, 2C exhalationem aliquarum partium efTentalium, brevi ! hac ratione odor fuc- cineus non ita prodit, ac iub liquatione ficca. (2.) Ambra gryfea etiam in praparatione verm - cis eodem modo fefe habet, uti Ambra citrina, vel fuccinum, fcilicet fi Ambra liquefcat, eique po- flea oleum feminis lini ab omni aqua liberatum effimdatur, vel alii vernices leniter oleofi cum ea mifceantur. (3 .) Denique omnium optime eos convincit ©* • ftillatio Ambra gryfese igne aperto, in hac enim plane omnia perfect e & proxime ita fefe habent , uti ( 4*5 ) uti in fuccino: Eruditus & Celebris dim Dr Her- .man Nicolaus Grimm, qui per longum tempos in India Orientalifuir, quondam unciam unam Ambra gryfeas ex retorra vitrea igne aperto gradatim deftilla- yir, & exinde (prout Relatio ipfrns in Ephemeridb bus Nature Curroforum a quovis perlegi poteft) pri- mo liquorem aqueum, deinde (ut exprimit) liquo- rem fpiritualem, porro oleum coloris flavi, paucum quiddam falls volatilis, & in retorta refidmim quod- dam, adinftar picis, recepir, ubi dare fimul perhi- bet, N. B. 6)uod liquor , oleum , fal volatile & re- Jlduum , adeoque omnes partes eodem plane afpettu , eidemque proprietatibns , quam partes ex dejlilla - tione fuccini provenientes fuijfent , excepto quod oleum fragrantiorem paulo odorem Iparferit *. Jam hsec deftillario fatis & fufficienter ad plenariam con* vi&ionem mihi fufficere potuiffer, fi alTuetus effem in ejufmodi cafibus unicuique ftatim fidem adhibere, vel ei inniri, quod multi forte tanto certius fecit- lent, dum longe preciofius eft, in his noftris regio- nibus ejufmodi experimenta imitari, quam in India Orientaii, vel in illis locis, qui Ambrce natales funt; nihilo tamen fecius experirnentum iftud, quamvis in minori portione, ad proprium raeum lapidem lydi* um examinavi, & melions certitudinis gratia ipfe fum iruiiarus, fwgulaque omnino eodem prorfus mo- do invent, hoc tanturn difcrimine in deftillatione mea inter redenre, ur plane nullum fubjlantiale re- Jlduum , led ex una Ambras gryiex drachma, adrno- duro parum pulveris, qui vix ac ne vix quidem pro grano uno adbmari poterat, impetraverim, quod ve- * Bpliemer, Nat, Cunof. Dec, i j. Ana, i, pag, 405* ffl® 1 * V to ( 4M ) to rei ipfi vel experimento Dn Grimmii nihil pror- fus derogat, fed difcrimen exinde forte ortum fuir, quod iiler in fua deftiilatione paulo citius defierit, vel ultimo non fat is fortem ignem adhibuerit, quo in cafu utique ejufmodi refiduum remanet, quseim u- tata circumftantia etiam in fuccino ratione refidui magnas variationes monftrat, & ego e contra meam Ambra gryfex deftillationem tamdiu ac eo ufque igne proiecutus fim, quantum fieri potuit, ut de in- duftria perfpicerem? an quicquam material iter fixura vel falinum, vel faltem terreftre refiduum manerc vellet? unde demum nihil fubfiantialis , fed vix parum vifibilis pulveris remanfit, adeoque exper- tus fui, quod tota Ambra gryfea continuatione fe violentia ignis deftillari, ac in altum propelii poffit. C^terum itidem Aquam , Oleum & fal obtinni . Ex Drachma unica Ambra recepi aiift olei, 5 gran.Aquze, x gran. Salis, & circiter igran. pulveris, reliqua x gran, quae deficiunt ,partim allinendo ad latera, par- tim exhalando & evaporando perierunt : Oleum & fal , tanquam dua primari a partes , ejufdem indolis fuerunr, quam oleum ac fal volatile fuccini, adeo - que nullatenus urinofo-volatllia. Ex qua ingredien- tium vel partium conftitutivarum proportione hoc demum in confiderationem duci poteft, quod ta- men adeo pauca falina & terrefris fubftantia ni- hilominus talem longe majorem partium oleofarum portionem condenfare, vel in (latum fir mum tena- cem, planeque ficcum reducere poffit ; item, quod hxc quoque circumftantia, majori ex parte, itidem cum fuccino conveniat, per confequens affinitatem ejus & hac in parte confirmet. Unum iilud adbuc dixerim, 1 ' ■■ - < 4*5 ) dlxcrim, non in omnibus Ambrs lpeciebus fubftan- tiale quid ialinum leparari poffe, qutfm pauxillum illud oleo copiofo facile fe involvat. Cum igitur preciola hasc materia^ Ambra gryfea, prsecipuas fuas vires exferat odore , 5c quidem fra - granti , hinc quoque jam multo a tempore, ad hunc uique diem ea maxima ex parte tantum ad ejufmodi res, qua fuavi odore fradita ejfe defiderantury fcilicet ad Balfama, Pulveres fternutatorios, denti- fricios, Eledhiaria pro dentibus, Pulveres ad crines (vulgo cPoudre) globulos faponaceos, & veflimenta vario odore imbuta, adeoque ad res delicatas magis quam utiles adhibitafuit. Cum etiam, prioribus tem- poribus, Ambrae varia qualitates medicamentofay virtutes analeptics, aphrodifiacs, cephalics, apople- ctics, bezoardics, nervinae, alisque plures attribu- te fuerint, hinc & in officinis pharmaceuticis (quan- quam olim copiofius quam hodie) ad diverfa pra> parata & compofita, magis tamen ad Galenica quam chymica, & communiter in forma pulveris ufurpa- ta fuit. Sed ifta omnia & fingula prstercam, ac u- nicum tantum idque hadtenus maxime ufuale fra- faratum ex Ambra, nimirum Ejfentiam Ambra gryfea , & quidem Ejfentiam fimflicem adducam, in qua nihil ulterius, quam fola Ambra cum men- ftruo accedit, idque ex hac ratione, quia etiam hac in parte, ratione folutionis Ambra unum ac alterum in laboribus meis obfervaverim, quod in aliis editis Scriptis hucufque non reperi. Hadtenus pro certa & explorata re habitum ac creditum fuit, ffiritum vini reftificatum fer fe Ambram gryfeam non folvere ; ex hoc ipfo quidem Autores argumentum fuum defumferunt, vel hanc L 1 1 conclu- ( 42<5 ) conclufionem ex eo formarunt, quod Ambra gry- fea nec vegetabile, nec animale, neque refina, ne- que corpus oleofum pinguedinofum feu refinofum, fed bitumtnofum minerale fit, quia fpiritus vini re- (Stificatus p erp arum earn aggrediatur , multo mi- nus folvat, verum eodem modo fe habeat, ac cir- ca Afphaltum, fuccinum, & alia bituminofa mix- ta, ex quibus equidem paucum aliquid extrahat, fed nunquam perfe&am folutionem former quin ipfe eruditiffimus Profefibr Hallenfis D* D1 HofF- mann, eximium illuftris hujus Societatis membrum, quodam in loco *, “ Omnia corpora refinofa, in- te quit, levi labore in Spiritu vini redtificatifiimo 4C phlogifio folvuntur & extrahuntur, fed N. B. Id ipfum non fiat cum Ambra , qua dijjicillima eft u folutionis in ejufmodi Spiritu. Et quia obfer- “ vamus, corpora inflammabilia, quae ex terra naf- ** cuntur, ut Succinum, Bitumen judaicum, car- £( bo fofiilis, etiam difficilioris efie Solutionis neque <£ tarn lubenter conjugium inire cum liqqore valde ££ Spirituofo, hinc iubferibimus eorum fententice, <£ qui ftatuunt, Ambram ad Bituminis genus efie a referendam, cujus natales funt in terra, &c. Et £< porro ait: Cum igitur ram difEcilis folutionis “fit Ambra, hinc certe nullam adhuc geuuinam €t Ambrae folutionem in offieinis confpicirous. Nam a earn plerumque parare folent cum Mofcho, cum u oleis efientialibus Cinamomi, & aliis, vel etiam u Zibetho, & ita poflidemus quidem fuavifiimi o- u doris Eflentiam, quae quoque non caret fua vir- u tute & ufu, at far am participat de Ambra, quae a potius intalia remanet.” Qantum hue ufque ra* * Ej. Obfervat. Phyfic. chynii Select, Lib* I. Obferv. XVIIL Fg« 67, tiom ( 4*7 ) tione folutionis Ambrx cum Spiritu inflammabili feu ardente in mundo cognitum eft, tantum de jure eapiofert Dn Dr Hoffmannus, nec quifquam alius ulla ratione cum fundamento hanc fententiam refuta- vit? prxcipue cum in genere ejufmodi folutio, in- primis in Spiritu vini reEtificatiJJimo per fe non modo difficillima, fed& plenaria folutio fere im- pojjibilis habita fuerit \ cum vero ex mea experien- tia plane contrarium, nempe non tantum poftibili- tatem, fed etiam facilitatem hujus, alias nunquam credits folutionis ipfe viderim, hinc fpero, detediio- nem hanc jam communicatam, nec ante memorato D*Dr HofFmannOjFautori meo xftimatiftimo, nec cui- quam alii faftidiofam, Societati Regix potius gratam futuram efte, utpote quxne minimum ejus, quod ma- jorem rei alicujus illuftrationem atque evolutionem nobis dare poteft, rejicere nec contemnere foler, quin potius, qux fortaftis lxtitix illius, quam fentio in dete&ione harum vel illarum, licet fxpe fic xfti- matarum minutiarum, aliquatenus participem fefe reddet, perpendens, quod frudtus ifte ex exiguo ip- fius veftrx arboris ramulo oriatur. Totum proinde negotium folutionis Ambrx in Spiritu vini re&ificatiflimo plane non confiftit in fingulari artificio, multo minus arcanum quippiam tedoiet, prout id forte quidam, in prxparatione bo*» nx EftentixAmbrse fibi eftinxerunt, fed requirit tan- tum parvam quandam, ut conjicio, hadenus non animadverfam encheirefin . Recipe modo bonum fumme ic&ificaturp Spiritum vini tartarifatum (quam- vis in cafu neceflitatis & Jimplex non tartarifatus Spiritus vini reftificatiffimus idem efficiat) eique in- j ice partem duodecimam purse genuine Sc in fruftula L 1 1 ^ confra&x ( *i8 ) confra&as Ambrae, repone ea non in lenem, fed in ejufmodi digeftionem, quse pedetentim ita incaleicir, ut Spiritus vel menftruum incipiat ebullire , quippe quod unica encheirefis eft, turn plenaria folutio in- iequetur, fiquidem ego Temper 3 ii Ambras in Spiritus diffolvi, & tantummodo impurum iftud, quodAmbra non fait, fed in alieno-terreis, vel aliis ad mixtio- nem Ambrse non pertinentibus fordibus, pondere interdum 2 vel etiam tantum 1 gran, librantibus, confiftir, tanquam refiduum vel non folutum in fun- do vitri reperi. Qui extemporaueam hujus rei cer- titudinern capere vult, is in vitro non penitus adim- pleto, & ex metu diffra tartarifato tradatur, turn plena quidem obtingit fo~ hit to, fed abfque fngulari T’intdura : (fi) Si verb eadem Ambra cum Spiritu vini per infufionem tar- tarifato, ealem methodo, tradatur, turn non modo ipfa contingit folutio, verum etiam tinlda folutioy quas Tindura autem imprimis, d fale Tartari in fubfan^ tia hie magis exiftente dependet, proindeque potius ut Tindura Tartari rarione coloris confideranda eft, (y) Si autem pauio fortior, quam Tin&ura Tartari tmda apparer, turn partes ole of & Ambra pari rati* one ad augmentationem colons hujus Tindura? con* tribuerunt, ac fi alii Tindura Tartari, ad quam nulia Ambra adhibita fuit, unam vel aliquot guttas alius olei inftillaffes : (>) Si proinde Spiritus rofa • rum alcahfatus , vei fermentatione, vel etiam re- petita fuper rofas abftradione fadus, pro menftruo ad praeparationem Effentim Ambra? adhibitus, 6c cum eo egregia Ambras Eflentia parata fuerit, nemo ex* inde concludere debet, ac fi Spiritus rofarum folus (ingulare plane & appropriatum Ambra gryfea % menfruum fit : Nihil enirn aliud, aut nihil magis hie fit, quam quod a me jam didum eft, nempe in Spiritu rofarum alcalifato i.) aliquid falls ale alt , 2.) nec non quadam partes oleofa adfunt, exinde oritur Tindura eadem ratione, ac fi Tinduram Tar- tari ex fale Tartari cum Spiritu vini oleofo abfque Ambra 6c abfque rofis prasparo, foluticque Ambrse femper procedit tanquam folutio cum alio Spiritu vini tartarifato^ vel etiam fimplici redificatiffimo abfque fale Tartari. Quod verb ejufmodi Eftentia five folutio Ambrae, qux cum bono Spiritu rofarum decenti methodo parata fuit, longe fortiorm & gratiorem odorem fpargaU ( 45* ) fpargat, quam alia cumfimplici Spiritu vini elaborata, hoc plane naturale eft: i. enim Spiritus rofarum per fe non modo fortem, fed Sc fragrantem odorem, (Im- plex e contra Spiritus vini fere nullum habet: x. No- tum eft, Ambram gryfeam illius naturae ac indolis elfe, ut per fe non adeofngularem odorem fpargat, fimulac vero ei aliud quicquam, per fe fragranti & forti odore pr edition admifcetur, turn ftatim odor atque fragranti a A mb re quad e fomno evi- gilatur, excitatur, Sc revera exalt atur : hoc ergo quoque fub foiutione cum Spiritu rofarum eodem modo contingit, proinde penitus naturale quicquam eft, quod haec mixtura feu folutio eminenter fra - grantius odoret, quatn ea, qua: nudo Spiritu vini parata fuit. Non incongrue igitur officinalis Effentia Ambrae cum Spiritu rofarum alcalifato propter auctiorem o- dorem parari poteft \ cum vero non pauci quoque homines occurrant, qui odorem & faporem rofarum ferre nequeirat, hinc nec ii male facient, qui praeter hanc Eifentiam rofatam adhuc quoque Ejfentiam Amlre puram , nempe tantum cum Spiritu vini re- dificatiflimo Sc alcalifato paratam, in officinis phar- maceuticis in promptu habent. Quo vero Tin dura hasc fatis efficax fit, & folutio tanto citius abfolvatur, nec color tindus emaneat, hinc menftruum feu Spi- ritum vini dupliciter alcaltfare juvabit, praepare- tur fcilicet primum jufte bonus Spiritus vini tartari- fatus per abftradionem, vel defilletur genuinus Spi- ritus vini re&ificatiffimus aliquoties fuper fal alcali fixuro, Sc hie ita femel alcalifatis adhuc fuper purum ac ealcinatum Sal alcali fixum infundatur , aliquantum digeratur, tandem decantetur, Sc ut menftruum pro Effentia ( 43 3 ) Eflentia five Solutione Ainbrx adhibeatur, turn hie, ratione virtutis folutiv a, eodem modo, ac optimus Sc pretiofiffimus Spiritus rofarum fe gerer, imo fi Spiritus rofarum non fuit tartarifatu?, vel alcalifa— tu«, ei praregativam adhuc dull ant yeddet. Incidit hie mihi in mentem, quod Celebris olim E> Ettrouller alicubi feribat*: Anabram cum rofis in ferment at ionem deduct, indeque Spiritum rofa- rum Ambratum confici pofle, qui margaritis prapo- nendus fit, tanquam fummum analepticum 6c con- fortativum 5 verum cum aqua, ut ordinarium corpo- rum fermentandorum menftruum, Ambram ne mini- mum quidem attingat, 6c cum rofis ex parte Ambra: impollibiliter vera confermentatio obtingere pofiit, hinc adducor, ut credam, efie vel fphalma typogra- phicum, vel auditum decepiffe D" Ettmilllerum, dum forte quidam ipfi aliquando dixit: cum bene fermen- tato 6c re&ificato Spiritu rofarum & Ambra, Spiritum ambratum gratumque confici poffe. Quod fuaviter fra- grans Spiritus rofarum, etiam fine Ambra, margaritis praponi mereatur, hoc equidem in dubiumnon vocabo, attamen tantum ratione fragrantia ; nam ratione virtutis analepticaa margaritas adhuc lapidibus cancro- rum, imo etiam tantum depuratis vulgaribusoftrearum teftis poftponoj fed h^c in tranfitu. Denique reftat adhuc, ut probetn ac demonftrem ea qua: dixi s Spiritum nempeinflammabilem oleofum , Joint ionem Ambra pro mover e Sf accelerate, quod facile quivis oculis cernere poteft : Accipiatur Spiri- * Mich. Ettmulleri Opera Ehannac. chym. in Schrodero dilucid, P- 79. Mom Jus < 434 ) tus infiammabilis re&ificatiflimus, eique fruftula Am* bras injiciantur, fi igitur ilia dilabi nolle videas, turn inftilla aliquot tantum guttulas hujus vel iftius puri, cum oleo exprejfo non adulter at l, olei dejtillati el- fentialis, tunc, quod dixi, manifefte vel brevi ad ocu- lutn patebit j Ratio, quare hoc fiat, non a longinquo peti opus habet, fed haeceft,quia ejufmodiolea ipfammet Ambram folvunt, fiquidem non rnodo cum variis a- romaticis fragrantibus oleis eflentialibus, ut cum oleo Lavendulae, Menthae, & fimilibus aliis, fed etiam cum Italico oleo Citri (oglio di cedro,) porro cum refinofo oleo Terebinthina?, nec non cum oleo bituminofo, ad ejus familiam pertinente, puto re&ificato oleo fuccini experimenta feci, 8c ubique cum his oleis folutionem perfeci ; e contra cum oleo exprejfo, ut oleo Amygda- larum, ne minima quidem folutio neque cxtrattio infequi voluit. Ex quo tanto evidentius videre licet, quod Eifentia Ambrae Schrdderi f, qui Ambram pri- mum cum oleo amygdalarum digerere, exprimere, 6c fuper hoc expreffum poftea Spiritum vini rectifica- tiffimum abftrahere docet, abfurda Sc pro difpofidone ad folutionem magis aperte impediens quam promo- vens fit. Sic quoque pro intentione folvendi Ambram cum Spiritibus dulcifcatis tam alcalicis quam acidis ten- tamina inftitui, proindeque Ambram gryfeam a.) cum Spiritu vitrioli dulci, b.) cum Spiritu nitri dulci, & c.) Spiritu falis dulci, nec non cum Spiritibus alcalicis dulcificatis, ut d.) cum Spiritu urinte dulci, feu ita difto Spiritu falis ammoniaci vinofo cum calce viva, f Pharmacop; Medico-chyitfica, Lib, III, cap. 19. pag. $01. Edit. Witzel, 1677. item ( 455 ) item e.) cum fale Tartar! parato, infudi & digeffi ; verum hi vix paucum quippiam extraxerunty nec Ambram penitus aggredi aut earn folvere voluerunt. Circa unicam cum Spiritu vitrioli dulcijicato fa£tam infufionem fingulare quicquam videre licuit, dum hie Spiritus cum pauco ifto, quod extraxerat, aliquot granula falina formavit, quae ad iatus vitri, in quo infufio perafta erat, fefe appofuerunt. Ultimo adhuc quoque pauca quasdam adjicere liceat alba ilia , tanquam febum apparent e materia vif- cofa, quae communiter ex folutione feu Eflentia Am- brae fete prtfeipit are vel feparare folet, quam D*1 Le - wery ceram ejfe exiftimat, eamque pro argumento ad* hibere, vel conterraneis nafum cereum attexere, ac cum ea probare vult,quod ex hac circumftantia ocu- lariter demonftrari poffit, Ambram gryfeam nihil a * liud quam ceram ejf 'ey vel ab apibus provenire, in qua opinione tamen hie alias peritus vir penitus a ve* ro aberravit. Circa hanc fe praecipitantem materiam fequentia ergo obfervavi: (x.) Quod ea non Temper, nec Temper tam cito fe Sc. (2.) Quid ipfa revera fit. i. Quod fi haec alba materia fefe feparat, turn communiter tres circumft antias circa earn obferva- vi, quae ad praecipitationem, nifi omnes tres conjun* dim, faltem unica earum abfolute requiruntur, (a) Sive enim Effentia vel Solutio in ejufmodi vitro Itetit, quod non plane impletum, fed cujus tertia vel dimidia pars vacua fuit, (b) Sive orificium vitri ne~ M m m z gligentius ( 45* ) gligentias obturatum fuiry unde Spiritus fubtiliiB- mas fenfim fenfunque exhalavir, ideoque pro ex- halations hujus proportione aliquid de foluta Am- bra rurfus excidit, (c } vel etiarn folutio adhuc fuper altqualem partem infolutsc Ambrx ftetit. Nam ft folutio mox de remanentia fua decantetur, vitrum cum ea penitus impleatur, idque follicite & firmif- fime obturetur, atque ab exhalatione prcecaveatur,. turn non tarn cito quicqoam prsecipiratum fait* nec ejufmodi albicans materia apparere voluir, adeoque evaporatio tenuijftmi Spiritus eft vera caufa prin - cipalis, ira ut Spiritus hie iftud, quod antea fblutum tenuit, in faga fua rurfus demittar. 2. Ipfa autem hac albicans materia , quam Dn Lemery pro cera habet , nihil aliud eft, quam de - purata quaftr vel reducla perfe£ia Ambra , quod exinde proboy quia Spiritus vini re&ificatiftimus* vel aliud menftruumad hanc folutionem Ambrse jam adhibitum, ft nempe albicantem hanc fubftantiam denuo eftdem methodo, ut antea Ambram, rurfus traefto^ earn quoque iterum plane folvit & imbibit. Fiat e contrario proba cum cera & Spiritu vini re- itificaciffimo, an hie Spiritus ceram quoque tam facile foluturus, imbibiturus, vel eodem modo ei ie commixturus fit? ut alias circumftantias jam prae- teream. Poffem quoque adhuc unum & alterum de Ejfen - tits Ambra compofttis , aliifque praparatis Ambra* its adducere j verum cum hxc difquifitio jam ma- gis increverit, ac in principio cogitaftem, adhsecr quoque ejufmodi materix proprie ad propofitum mi- hi fcopum non pertineant, hinc colophonem hifee imponam? & de reliquo femper gaudium exinde mibi I ( 4*7 ) mihi parabitur, fi quis mihi meliores, magis fufficj- entes, magifque demonjirabiles relationes de Ambra gryfea, ejus origin?, natura & rnixtione impertie- tur. Cafpar Neumannus, M. T). Beio'iini d. xv. ProfeiT. Chymia:, Societa- Ociobr. 1729. turn Scientiar. Reg. Magn. Britt. 8c Pru/T. ut & Acad. Nat. Curiof. Soc. If. Editor is Recenfio Experiment or um circa. Am* bram Gryfeam d Domino Joh. Browne, ^ . S. S. & d Dm. Ambrofio Godofredo HanckewitZj R. S. S. injlitutorum , cum D. Neumanni, (R. S. S. Experiments fui vindi- catione. MAndatum fnit Chemicis expertiffimis Regalis Societatis fociis digniflimis Dnis Browne & Godofredo Hanckewitz, ut Operationem de Am- bra gryfea a clariflimo D. Neumanno chemiaj pro- feffore 6C R. S. S. inftitutam fedulo repeterent. D. Browne, cum cenferet clariflimum DB profef- forem nimis parvam quantitatem, fcilicet Drach- mam udicam, in experimento fuo adhibuiffe, lum- fit Ambra: gryfea; unciam &C femifle, cum terra cimolia alba ficcatiffima (qua femper utitur ad falem ( 43 8 ) ex Succino eliciendum) in pulverem redacftam, quam Retort# inditam variis Caloris expofuit gradibus : obtinuit primo phlegma aqu# puriftim# inftar pellu* cidum, dein Spiritum Cerevifi# inftar fufcum, huic fuccedebat oleum colore magis fufco, ultimo habuit, per ignem fortiffimum, Ballamum fpiftum, nigrum. Ex quibus oleum quidem & Balfamum cum illis, qu# ex Succino prodeunt, odore tenus convenire faflus eft, fed nullum omnino falem acidum volati- lem, uti ex Succino, elicere potuit, nec Spiritus hie Ambr# gryfe# ullura motum cum alcalicis de- dit, quemadmodum ille ex Succino'tali fale acido a- bundat. Illud autem acidum volatile, fingulareSuccini Criterion reputat. Refiduum quoque ex Succini di- ftillatione, durum eft, nigrum & Gagatis inftar, ex hujus vero diftillatione, cimolia remanfit pulvis, ni- gredine fblummodo tindtus. Cum nullam igitur Aciditatem, nullam volatilitatem per totam opera- tionem deprehendere potuerir, an Ambra grylea fit Excrementum animale necne, in dubio relinquit : fed notatomne fuaveolentum, omne gratum leniftimo igne perire. i).Godofredus, primo duas Ambr# gryfe# uncias duplici Aren# alb# puriffim# ponderi miftas ex Re- torta diftillavit 5 fecundo alias duas uncias fimiliter diftillavit, habuitque in utraque operatione oleum limpidum, & refiduum bituminofum : oleum per fe recftificatum dedit phlegma faporis grate fubacidi, quafi aceti dilutions, & deinde fequutum eft oleum limpidum, ballamicum, bituminofum, petroleo fi mi- le : tertio diftillavit femiunciam Ambr# gryfe# per fe, eademque per ignem fatis moderatum obtinuit ; port- quam ad fummam ficcitatem Ambram gryfeam diftil- layerat* ( 439 ) laverat, urfit refiduum igne maxirno, & remanferunt ultimo grana triaTerrse alb# filing, cum acidis mo- dice effervefcentis vei Aeri humido expofit# per deliquium fjiientis. Cum ex carbone ceu Refiduo nigricante duarum primarum operationum nullum falem volatilem, nullum elicere potuerit phofpho- rum, pronuntiat certifiime Ambram nec animale quid, nec Excrementum animalis efte ; phofphorum enim ex omnium notorum Animalium excrementis obtinere poteft, .uti ample explicuit in TranfaEl . N° 418. Ambram igitur ftatuit efte Bitumen ad Suc- cinum proxime accedens ; verum autem Succinum efte, cum falem acidum volatilem, fimilem illi ex Succino, non pr#beat, haud concedit. Reiteravit denub Experimentum, cum Ambr# gry- fe# 8c vitri pulverizati partibus #qualibus :> quia fufpicio oriri poterit in Arena h#fiife terr# alcalicae aliquid, quod acidum ex Ambra, fiquid in ea exti- terit, abforbuerit ; fed operatio exhibuit iterum eadem, nifi quod phlegma faporem falis neutri, quip- pe non acidi prxbuerit ; & poft ignem vitri pui- verem fundentem, Refiduum bituminofum liberum a maffa vitrea, ei incubuit carbonis inftar nigri, 6C fefe per totam Retort# faciem internam ad collum ufque,florum ceu flcccorum nigrorum,tenuiffimorum quidem & jplendidorum inftar difperferat. Omnis circa hascExperimenta Lis facile componi poteft, ft Ambra gryfea quafi fubftantia mixta/ ex va- rirs peregrinis conflata confideretur uti cxtera mine- ralia, 6c non quafi corpus ftmplex purum uti metal* Ja ; nulla enim minera metalli cujufvis, exempli gratia plumbi, in omnibus portiunculis #qualem me- talli veladmixti certi mineralis quantitatem exhibet* limiliter ( 44o ) fimiliter Ambra; gryfese portiunculx varias eafdem quantitates falis illius acidi non continent ; uti vi- demus in Experiments Godfredianis , ubi in uno phlegma faporem fubacidum, falis iftius fignura in- dubitable, in alio faporem habuit falis neutri, & portiuncula ilia a D. Neumanno examinata plus aliis iftiufmodi falis continuit. Sal praxcrea, quo plus oleo irretitus eft, eb difficilius feparari poteft. Eo- dem modo evenit in Experimentis quibufdam de Calce viva, referente D. Neumanno in literis ad D. Godofredum datis, ubifcribit, ilia aliter in Anglia, aliter in Gallia fucceflifle ; unde Gallus quidam ea- dem reiterans, qua: in Anglia certo modo fuccefle- rant, cum in Gallia eodem modo non refponderent, omnino falfa efle declaravit. Glariftimus Neuman - mis prxtereain aliis literis ad llluftriflimum R, SfPr. Dn Sloane fcriptis declarat fe nolle, quod intelliga* tur le dixifle (p. 411.) Ambram gryfeamefle reve- ra Succinum, fed tantummodo efte ex genere Sue* cineo, vel Bitumen quidem ad Succinum proxime accedens, quod Ratio fuit veteribus, cum utramque Ambram appellaverint, illam Citrinam , hanc odo- riferam. Addit denuo de fale ifto acido volatili, cujus granum unum vel alteram obtinuit, fe falli non pofle, nam in Aqua, uti fal folvebatur, fyrupum violarum, uti alia acida, colore tingebat rubro ; & volatilis eft, quippe qui diftillatione afeenderar. III. An i 441 ) IIT. Account of Mr. Thomas Godfrey V hr* pro^ement of DavisT Quadrant, transferred to the MarinerVBow, communicated to the Royal Society, by Mr. J. Logan. BEing inform’d that this Improvement, pro'pofed by Thomas Godfrey of this Place, for obferving the Sun’s Altitude at Sea, with more Eafe and Expedi* tion than is practicable by the common Inflruments' in ufe for that purpofe, was laft Winter laid be- fore the Royal Society , in his own Defcription of it $ and that fome Gentlemen wifh’d to fee the Benefit intended by it more fully and clearly explained: 1, who have here the Opportunity of knowing the Au- thor’s Thoughts on fuch SubjeCls, being perfwaded in my Judgment that if the Inftrument, as he propofes it, be brought into Practice, it will in many Cafes be of great fervice to Navigation, have therefore thought it proper to draw up a more full Account of it, than the Author himfelf has given, with the Advantages attending it ; which if approved of by better Judg-* ments, to whom what I offer is entirely fubmitted* *tis hoped the Ufe of it will be recommended and further encouraged^ as alfo the Author. The Rife of the Improvement with its Convcniencies, as alfo a Defcription of it, are as follows-. Tko. Godfrey 5 having under the greateft Difad* vantages (as 1 obferved in my firfl Letter to Dr. i/^A ley? giving an Account of his Invention of the Re- flecting Inftmment) made himfelf Mailer of the Principles of Aftronomy and Optics, as well as other Nna Parts (440 Parts of Mathematical Science, applied his Thoughts to confider the Inftruments ufed in that mod momen- tous Part of Bufinefs, Navigation. He faw that on .the Knowledge of the Latitude and Longitude of the Place a Ship is in, the Lives of thoufands of ufeful Subject?, as well as valuable Cargoes, continually depend ; that for finding the firft of thefe, certain and eafy. Methods are furnifnM by Nature, if Ob- fervations be duly made: But Davis* s Quadrant Inflrument generally ufed by Britifh Navigators, (tho9 feldom by Foreigners) he perceived was at- tended with this Inconveniency, that the Obferver nauft bring the Shade or Spot of Light from the Sun, and the Rays from the Horizon, to coincide exactly on the fiducial Edge of the horizontal Vane: That tho’ this can be done in moderate Weather and Seas with a clear Sky, and when the Sun is not too high, without any great Difficulty^ yet in other Cafes it requires more Accuracy than can in fome Jun£lures pofiibly be applied, and more Time than can be allowed for it. In European Latitudes, or to thofe nearer the Northern Tropick, when the Sun is in the Southern Signs, and near the Meridian, he rifes and falls but flowly : Yet in Voyages to the Eaji 2X&.W'eJt-IndieSi of which very many, efpe- cially to the latter, are made, he is at Noon, often and for many Days together, in or near the Z'enith, and when approaching to, or leaving it, he rifes and falls, when he has Declination, farter than even at the Horizon 5 for it is well known toPerfons ac- quainted with the Sphere, that when his diurnal Courfe takes the Zenith, he there rifes and falls a whole Degree or 60 Minutes, in the Space of four Minutes ( 443 ) Minutes of Time ; fo that theObferver has but one Minute, to come within iy Minutes of the Truth in his Latitude : While in a middle Altitude, as 45: Deg. he is at Noon above y Minutes and a half in Time, in riling or falling one Angle Minute of Space, the Odds between which is more than 80 to 1. And yet, perhaps, no Farts of the World re- quire more Exa&nefs in taking the Latitude than is necelfary in Voyages to the Weft-Indies : For it is owing to the Difficulty of it, that Veffels have fo frequently mifs’d the Ifland of Barbados, and when got to the Leeward of it have been obliged to run down a thoufand Miles further to Jamaica , from whence they can fcarce work up again in the Spice of many Weeks, againft the conftant Trade-winds, and therefore generally decline to try for, or attempt it. But farther, as the Latitude cannot be found by any other Method, that our Mariners are generally acquainted with, than by the Sun or a Star on the Meridian: In a cloudy Sky, when the Sun can but now and then be feen, and only between the Openingsof the Clouds for very ffiort Intervals, v^hich thofe who ufe the Sea know frequently happens: As alfo in high tempeftuous Seas, when tho* the Sun fhould appear, the Obferver can fcarce by any Means hold his Feet ; it would certainly be of vaft Advan- tage to have an Inftrument by which an Obfervation could alfo be, as it were, (hatched or taken in much lefs Time, than is generally required in the Ufe of the common Quadrant. N n n 7. The , # ( 444 J fho. Godfrey therefore confidering this, applied himfelf to find out fome Contrivance by which the Neceflity of bringing the Rays from the Sun, and thofe from the Horizon to coincide (which is the imoft difficult part of the Work) on one particular Point or Line from the Centre, might be removed. In order to which he confideFd, that by the xi. 3* Elem. of Euch all Angles at the Periphery of a Circle, fubtended by the fame Segment within it are equal, on whatever part of the Circumference the angular Point falls $ and therefore, if inftead of a Quadrant, a Semicircle were graduated into 90 Degrees only, ac- counting every two Degrees but one ; this would effe- ctually anfwer: For then, if an Arch of the fame Circle were placed at the End of the Diameter of the Inftrument, every Part of that oppofite Arch would equally ferve for taking the Coincidence of the Rays above-mentioned. But fuch an ’Inftrument would ma- nifeftly be attended with great Inconveniencies ; for it would in great Altitudes be much more unmanageable* and the Vanes could not be framed to Hand, as they always ought, perpendicular to the Rays. He there- fore further refolved to try whether a Curve could not be found to be placed at the Centre of a Qua- drant, which would, at leaft for a Length fufficient . to catch the Coincidence of the Rays, with Eafe ful- ly anfwer the Intention. A Curve that in all the Parts of it would in geo- metrical ftriffnefs effeft this, cannot be in Nature, any more than that one and the fame Point can be- found for a Centre to different Circles, which are not concentric. It is certain that every Arch on the Limb may have a -Circle that will pafs through the ( 445 ) tTie Center, and be a Locus or geometrical Place for the Angle made by that Arch to fall on : but then every Arch has a different one from all others ; as in the Figure. Let ABC be the Quadrant:, and A B, E F, G H be taken as Arches of it : Circles drawn through each two of thefe refpe&ively, and through the Center C as a third Point, will manifeft- ly be fuch Loci or Places: For every Pair of thefe Points Hand in a Segment of their own Circle, as well as on a Segment of the Quadrant ; and therefore by the cited ai. 3 *-Elem. the Angles Handing on thefe •firft Segments will every where be equal at ‘the Periphery of their refpedive Circles, and their Radius will always be equal to half the Secant of half the Arch on the Quadrant. For in the Circle CED F (for Infiance) the Angle CED is right, becaufe ’tis in a Semicircle, CE is the Radius of the Qitadranr, c A ED ( 44* ) E D the Tangent of the Angle DCE = i the Arch E F, and C Dis the Secant of the fame— the Diameter of the Circle CED F, and therefore its P^adius is half that Secant. Now from the Figure ’tis plain, that in very fmall Arches the Radius of their circular Place will be half the Radius of the Quadrant, that is, putting this Radius= io, the other will be And the Radius for the Arch of 5)0, the higheflto be ufedonthe Qua- drant will be the Square Root of half the Square of the Radius = Sine of 45: Degrees = 7.071, and the Arches at the Center drawn by thefe two Radij are the Extreams, the Medium of which is 6.03 55. And if a circular Arch be drawn with this Radius Ath Part of the Length of it, that is, in an Inftrument of 20 Inches Radius, the Length of one Inch on each Side of the Center affording two Inches in the whole, to catch the Coincidence of the Rays on, which muff be own'd is abundantly fufiicient, the Error at the greateft Variation of the Arches, and at the Ex- tremity of thefe 2 Inches, will not much exceed one Minute. But in fixing the Curvature or Radius of this Cen- tral Arch, fomething farther than a Medium between the Extreams in the Radius is to be confidered : For in fmall Arches the Variation is very fmall, but in greater it equal- ly encreafes, as in the Figure where it appears, the Differ- ence between the Angles ABC and ADC is much greater than the Difference be- tween ( 447 ) tween EBC and EDC, though both are fubtended by the fame Line BD: for their Differences are the Angles BAD and B E D. Therefore this In- equality was likewiie to, be confidered ; and com- pounding both together, Tho . Godfrey pitched on the Ratio of 7 to ii, for the Radius of the Curve to the Radius of the Inftrument, which is- 6.3636 to 10. But on further Advifement he now concludes on 6A ; and a Curve of this Radius of an Inch on each Side of the Center to an Inftrument of 20 Inches Radius or of ftth of the Radius, whatever it be, will in no Cafe whatever, as he has himfelf carefully compti- ted it, produce an Error of above 57 Seconds? and 5tis very well known that Navigators (as they very fafely may) in their Voyages intirely flight a Difference of one Minute in Latitude. This Radius is the true one for the circular Place to an Arch of 770 if, and the Variation from it is nearly as great at 90 Degrees as at any Arch below it, the greateft below being at about 44 Degrees, which is owing to the Differences expreffed by the laft Figure above, and not to thofe of the Curvatures or circular Places. Yet this Variation of 57 Seconds arifes only when the Spot or Coincidence falls at the Extremity of the horizontal Sight or Vane, or a whole Inch (in an Inftrument of 20 Inches Radius) from the Center, and then only in the Altitudes or Arches of about 44 or 90 Degrees. And in thefe, at the Diftance of half an Inch from the Center, the Variation is but i fo much, viz. about 14" ; and at 4 of an Inch, not 4" ; at the Center tis precifely true. Therefore as an Obfervation may be taken with it in one fourth of the Time, that Davis's Quadrant, on ( 44® ) which three Things muft be brought to meet, in a general way requires*: I fay, confidering this, and the vaft Importance of fuchDifpatch, in the Cafe of great Altitudes, or of tempeftuous Seas, or beclouded Skies, tis prefumed the Inftrument thus made will be judged preferable to all others of the kind yet known. Some Mailers of Veffels, who fail from hence to the Wejl-Indies , have got of them made as well as they can be done here ^ and have found fo great an Advantage in the Facility and in the ready Ufe of them, in thofe Southerly Latitudes, that they rejed all others. And it can fcarce be doubted, but when the Inftrument becomes more generally known, it may upon the R oyal Society's Approbation, if the Thing appear worthy of it, more univerfally obtain in Pradice. ’Pis now four Years fince tfho. Godfrey hit on this Improvement ; for his Account of it, laid before the Society laft Winter, in which he mentions two Years* was wrote in 1752. And in the fame Year, 1730, after he was fatisfied in this, he applied himfelf to think of the other, viz. the refieding Inftrument by Speculums, for a help in the Cafe of Longitude, though ’tis alfo ufeful in taking Altitudes, and: one of thefe, as has been abundantly proved by the Maker, and thofe who had it with them, was taken to Sea* and there ufed in obferving the Latitude, the Win- ter of that Year, and brought back again hither before the End of February , 1737, and was in my keeping for forne Months immediately after. It was unhappy indeed, that having it in my Power, feeing he had no Acquaintance nor Knowledge of Perfons there, that I tranfmitted not an Account of it fooner; But .1 had - ( 44 9 ) had other Affairs of more Importance to me : And it was owing to an Accident which gave me fome Un- eafinefs, viz. his attempting to pubiifn fome Ac« count of it in Print here, that I did it at that Time, viz . in May 1732, when I tranfmitted it to Dr, Halley j to whom I made not theleaft Doubt but the Invention would appear -entirely New. This, on my part, was all the Merit I had to claim, nor did I then, or now affume any other, in either ofthefe Inftruments. I only wifhthat the ingenious Inventor himfelf might by fome means be taken Notice cf, in a Manner that might be of real Advantage to him. There needs not, I fuppofe, much more of a De- feription of the Iuftrument than has been given : I (hall only fay, the Bow had bell be an Arch of a- bout iooDegrees, well graduated, and numbered both ways j the Radius of zo or 24 Inches ; the Curve at the Center to be Ath of the Radius on each Side, that is, Ath of it in the whole; the Radius of that Curve As Parts of the Radius of the Inftrument ;-Cat the Glafs for the Solar Vane fhould not be Jels, but ra- ther larger, than a filver Shilling, with its Vertex moft exadlly fer. And that the utmoft Care be ta- ken to place the Middle of the Curve at the Centre exa&Jy perpendicular to the Line or Radius of 45* Degrees. As the Obferver muft alio take Care that the two Vanes on the Limb be kept nearly equi- diftant fromjthat Degree ; to which I fhall only add, that it may be bell to give the horizontal Vane only one Aperture, and not two. The reft I fuppofe may be left to the Workmen. Thus doubting I have already been too prolix on the Subjecft, to which nothing but a.fincere Inclination to promote O o o any ( 45° ) any thing that might contribute to a publick Bene- fit, and to do fome juftice to Merit, could induce me, I fliall only requeft that what 1 have here offered may be conftrued by that Intention. PhUad. 28th of 2me, 1734* J. Logah. Note, That the Radius of the Quadrant be- ing divided into 20 equal Parts, the Center X (in Fig- 1.) of the Curvature of the Horizon- Vane (AB) mud be 12 ,§ of thofe Parts from the Center ( C) of the Quadrant. The Breadth (A B oxg h) of that Vane ihould be 7^ of the whole Radius, that is, 75 on each Side of the Center (C). IV. Pefcription and life of an Injlrument for taking the Latitude of a Place at any time of the Pay 5 by Mr. Richard Graham, TH E needfity of finding the Latitude, a Ship is in, is too well known to be infilled on : Fre- quent opportunities of obferving the Latitude muff confequently f 45 1 ) confequently be of very great Advantage to Naviga- tion. The Method ufually pradtifed, is by taking the Sun or Stars Meridian Altitude or Zenith Di- ftance : In this Cafe, if the Sun does not fhine but for fome fmall Time only, before Noon and after, though it be clear all the reft of the Day, it is of no ule for this purpofe. Mr. Fatio, F.R.S, (in the Year 1718) propofed a Method for finding the La- titude, from two or more Obfervations of the Sun (or Stars) at any Time, the Diftance of the faid Obfervations in Time, being given by a Watch ; but as his Method requires a vaft Number of Com- putations, and a great deal of Skill in Spherical Tri- gonometry, it has very feldom been made ufe of, and never but by good Mathematicians. The fn- ftrument here defcribed will anfwer the fame End, and has thefe Advantages ; viz. 1 J{, It may be very eafily underftood by Seamen! idly-, It immediately Ihews the Latitude of the Place. 3 dly, It gives the Time of Day at Sea when no other Inftrument can. 4 thly. It may be made as large, and confequently as accurate as is defired. A Defer ip ion of the Inftrument. See Fig. z. ABC reprefents part of the Hemifphere of a large Globe (half the Globe, and the Part below the Tro- pick are cut off, that it may take up the lefs room.) AC, half the Equator, divided into 12 Hours above, and 180 Degrees below, and fubdiyided into Minutes, O 0 0 2. as ( 45* ) as.is likewife the lower TropickDD. EE, a moveable, graduated Meridian, turning on the Axis FF. G an, Index to fix it (by the means of the Screw H), to any Hour. I i J, a circular Beam-compafs, the Center I i to be fixed on the Meridian to any Dc- gree and Minute of Declination, by the Method commonly called Nonius’s Divifions : k the Point, for drawing Arches, which is likewife fixed to any . Degree and Minute by the fame. Method. As the, Meridian is at fome Diftance from the Globe, L is a piece of Brafs to fix on the Meridian, marked with Nonius’s Divifions, with a Point reach- ing down to the Interfeclion of the Arches, by. which means the Diftance of the laid Interle&ion from the Equator, or its Latitude is found. The: Degrees and Minutes ma.y likewife be lliewn by diagonal Lines. The T)fe of the Infirumentr. I. PROPOSITION. From two Obfervat ions of the Height of the Srun9 the "Difiance of the faid Obfervat ions in Time , being given by a W atch , as. likewife the "Declina- tion oj the Sun; to find the Latitude of the "Place , and Hour of the "Day, I. When the Ship is at Reft , that is , at Anchor , or in a Qalm> fo as to have little or no progrefiive Motion, Cafe i. N ( 45 3 )> Cafe i. Suppofe the Sun in the Equator, on the Day of Obfervation : Fix the Center of the Beam- compafs at o Degree (or at the Equator,) and move the Point k to the Zenith Diftan.ce (the Comple- ment of theAltitude, taken by the ufual Inftruments,) and from any Hour, as from C, defcribean Arch of a Circle vviththe faid Point, as be (Ex. t.) Suppofe eight Hours after, by your Watch, you have another Obfervation ; move the Meridian eight Hours far- ther, to d, and fix it there ; and with the Zenith Diftauce then obferved, deferibe another Arch as* e f , the Point where it cuts the former is the Place of.Obfervation, and its Diftance taken on the Meri- dian from the Equator fhews its Latitude y and the Minutes reckoned on the Equator from the Meri- dian to C and d (the Times of Obfervation) fhew what thofe Hours were. Cafe When the Sun has Declination : Fix the Center of the Beam-compafs on the Meridian, to the proper Degree of Declination for the Day of Obfervation, and proceed as before. Cafe , 3. If the Obfervations are. at a greater Di- ftance than twelve Hours, but in the lame Day ; - Make ule of the. Complement to twenty-four Hours . of the Diftance in Time, and take the Declination on . the contrary, or lower fide of the Equator ; and in- ftead of the Zenith Diftances, take the Nadir Di- - fiances or Altitudes increafed by ninety Degrees. Thus ; C 454 ^ Thus you will find the Latitude, and Time of each Obfervation from Midnight. In this Cafe the Beam-compafs muft extend to more than 90 De- grees. Cafe 4. If the Obfervations are more than a Day afunder ; as for Inftance a Day and two Hours (26 Hours :) Place the Centre of the Beam- compafs two Hours farther than it was the Day be- fore; but in different Declinations, according to the Table of Declination for the feveral Days. Cafe 5. When .the Obfervations are made by a Star : The Center of theEeam-connpafs muft be fet to the Declination of the Star then proceed as be- fore. To find the Hour in this Cafe, the right Af- cenfion muft be likewife given. Scholium . The fame Method may be ufeful at Land, when no Meridian Obfervation offers. II. The Ship in Motion. Cafe 1. Suppofe the Sun in the Equator : TheDi- ftance between the two Obfervations eight Hours,as before, and the Arch aaa(Ex.r) defcrib’d by the Ze- nith Diftance of the firft Obfervation, from the Center C ; and the Angle cab, 40 Degrees, is the Angle be- tween the Ship’s way, and the Azimuth of the Sun continued, ( given by the Azimuth Compafs ;) and that during the eight Hours, the Ship has made one Degree, or 60 Minutes from a to b, or from the Sun ; ( 45 5 ) then, as Radius is to the Cofine of cab 40 De- grees, fo is a b 60 Minutes to a c 4 6 Minutes ; add 4 6 Minutes to the Zenith Didance C a ; and with k, the Point of the Beam-compafs fee at that Didance, deferibe the Arch c b e ; then with the Zenith Didance of the lad: Obfervation, whofe Cen- ter is d , draw the Arch ff ; the Point where it cuts the Arch cbe, is the Place where the Ship was lad ; and its Didance taken on the Meridian from the Equator (hews its Latitude ; the Minutes reckoned on the Equator from the Meridian to d (the Time of the lad Obfervation) fltevv the Hour, or its Di- dance from ix o’ Clock. Cafe i. If the Ship had failed from a to /3 or to- wards the Sun : The Cofine of the Angle /3 a y, or of the Angle between the Ship’s Way and the Sun, mud be fubdratded from the Zenith Didance of the fird Obfervation. N. B. Only the two Arches cbe,ff are to be drawn on the Globe, the red being added here, to fliew the Reafon of the Condrudtion. Cafe 3. To find the Latitude of the fird Placet From the Equator, with a pair of Compades, take the Didance failed 60 Minutes, and with one Foot in the Interledtion of the Arches be, ff, the Place found before, put the other in the Arch aaa, the Zenith Didance of the fird Obfervation, and in this Iudance, on the left Hand of the Azimuth of the Sun, this is the Place fought ; and its Didance ta- r* ( 6 ) ken on the Meridian from the Equator, fliews the Latitude ; and the Minutes reckoned on the Equator from the Meridian to C, the Time of the firft Ob* fervation, fhew the Hour, The Interval in Time or Degree between the two Places, fhewn by the Index G, is the Difference of Longitude. JV. B . Thofe Obfervations are beff,whofe Arches crofs each other almofl at right Angles. II. PUOPOSITIO N. The Zenith Ttiftances of two Stars, obferved at the fame Time , their ^Declination , and right Afi cenfion being known ; to find the Latitude of the Tlace of Ob fervation. Fix the Center of the Beam-compafs to the Decli- nation of either of the Stars, and with the Zenith Di- fiance of that Star defcribe an Arch ; move the Meridian as many Hours farther as is the Difference of right Afcenfion of the other Star ; and fix the Center of the Beam-compafs to the Declination of itj and with its Zenith Diffance crofs the firft Arch : The Interfe&ion fhews the Latitude of the Place of Obfervation ,* and alfo the Diftance of the right Af cenfion of the Zenith from that of either of the Stars, by which means the Hour may be known. If a Celeftial Globe is made ufe of, then place the Center of the Beam compafs over the feveral Stars. The I ( 457 ) The Latitude and Hour being given, the Varia- tion of the Compafs is eafijy known. • N. B. In order to draw Arches on the Globe ; rub fome black Lead powdered on a piece of Pa- per ; lay the Side which is black’d next the Globe, where you imagine the InterledUon of tfaeArches will be : Then draw them on the clean Side with the Point of the Beam-compafs, and they will appear on the Globe ^ and if the Globe is well vamilhed, they may be rubbed out with Bread, or wafhed out with Water. i As Altitudes at Sea are now readily taken, with great Exadtnefs, by the Quadrant invented by John Hadley , Efq; V. P. R. S. and as the faid Altitudes are the Principles on which the Operations above defcribed are founded ; the previous Ufe of that Qua- drant cannot but be of the utmoft Importance to thole who fliall have Occafion for this Inftmment, The Defcription and Ufe of this Inllrument was laid before the Royal Society Dec . p. 173 1 ; but as 1 knew Mr. Reid was contriving one for the fame Purpole, I delay’d making mine Fublick. His Me- thod not yet appearing in Print, I have thought pro- per to communicate my own (elpecialiy as ’tis now improv’d) conceiving it may be of fome Advantage to Navigation* ( 4*8 ) V. An Jbjlratl of the Meteorological Diaries, Communicated to the Royal Society, with Re- marks upon them , by William Derham, T>. D. Canon of Windfor, F. (2^. S'. [Vide Part IV. in Tranfatt. N° 434.] Part V. Containing Meteorological ObferVa- tions made at Hall in Saxony, 1729. Goflar I Wittemberg I Naples Southwick rLunden Swensker Rifinge Bettna Upfale Hudiskfwald Hernoefand Bygdea Sweden. 1718. AN Abftraft of Meteorological Obfervations made at Hall in Saxony in 1729, by Job. Joach. Langen , Math. P. P. O. and in the Year 1728, at Gojlar in Lower Saxony in Germany , by Job. Conrad. T’rumphius, M. D. Sc Praifh Gojlar , at Wittemberg in Saxony, by Job. Fred. Weidler , J. U. D. & Math. Super. Prof, in Acad. Witteb. ( 4 19 ) TVitteh.'iX. Naples , by Nie. Cyrillus , in Urbe Neap. Pr. Med. Prof, at Southwick in Northampton/}.! i re, by George Lynn, Efq; and in Sweden, at Lunden, Bettna , XJpfale, and Bygdea (mentioned in 1716,) to which the illuftrious Obfervers have added Obfer- vations from Swentfker, in tVeJlro-Gothia, Latitude 5-8° 10', by forjlanius Fajfenius , V. D. Minift. in fVaJjenda ; at Wifmgfce, by Magnus Oxelgren , Led. Gymnafii; at Rifinge in OJro-Goth, by Sueno Lau- relius, Part, and Provoft, at Stockholm, Lat. 59°. 30', by Job. Bachman , Citizen ; at Hudickfwald Hel- (ingorum, by Olave Broman , Paftor there ; at Her- nosfand and Angermann , by Jac. Renmarc k, Math. Le£tore ; at Lee f anger and Umea, Lat. 63° 43', by Bern. Ask, Theol. Stud, and at forneao , in Weftra- Goth. Lat. 6j° 43', by Air. Fougt , Paftor there. Extraded for the Ufe of the Royal Society, by JYil- ham Nerham, D. D. F. R. S. A Table of the Highef , Mean, and Lowejt Barometrical Stations, in the Tear 1718. 1 January. 1 February. Marc H. 1 Low High Mean Low High Mean Low ’High iMean Hall 19-& 28.72- 28.17 2 9- 7 28.10 28. 2 >19. 2128.9128. 5 Goflar |3I. 3I30.1040; 6 Wittemberg 30. 2904 29-5° 28. 9 29.12 3°-2» 29.88 29. 9 2 9- 3 |29-9«j2 9. 5 '29. if Naples 29.88 29.71 2 9 ■ ) 4 jag.88 29-65 29.38 Southwick 30.08 29-37 28.57! ^3 0. 1 o ij)-H 29-58 28.82 [29.88 29- 5S 2ju3 Lunden 30.20 29.45 j28.72jl30.22 29.52 29.8l 29.15 28.51 Swenseker 30.35 30.20 I29.58 29. o' 3 °- 3 5 29.3 2 29.52 28.S51 29-73 29.57 29.0; 29. O 28.37 28.20 Rlfinge Rettna CJpfale Hudickfwald 29-55 28.90 30.20 30.8030-10 29.40 30.80 30.50 30.56 3O.I2 29.45| 30.21 29.55 28.90 30-46; 30.50 *9-75 29.24 29. oz 29.86! 29.89 29-2 3| 29-22l 30.00 30.24 29.4O 29.52 28.80 28.80 Herncefand 30.50 29.95 29.30 3°-5° 29.79 29.08^ {90.25 29.47 28.70 Lygdea, j ISO.;© 29.75 29.20 P] b°-4c ?P 1 29.67 28.94'l30,2,3.2).39 28.50 The (■4*°') The Barometrical fable continued. April* May. i| June. Hall High Mean’ Low High Mean Low j High Mean Low — 1 28.11 28. 8 28. 5 29.Il 28. 8;28.3± 29-oi 28. 8 28. 3 Goflar 31. 4J30.11 3°. 6 3 1- 5 si 31* 4 30. c 31.0^30. 9 Wittemberg ^o. 019-^1. 28^ 9 (30. 1 29.2E 29.8^,29. 5 Naples ^2q»88!2 9.7*5 29.63 29.80 29*7* 29.63' 29.88 29.75.29.63 Southwick | 29.94 29.48 29,03 29.96 29.51j29.07! 29.93 29 70^9.27 Lunden 29.73129.22 ,28.51 30.02 29.57I29.121 29.83 29.52I29.21 Swenasker i29.83i29.Q5 j»«-*7 ,28.43 30.07 29. 2828 . 45 ! 29.93 29.49 29.06 Rifinge 29.70j29.06 29.95 29.70 29-35 29.00 Eettna 30.22 29.6" 3 29.05 30.50 29.90^29.30 30.20 29.89 29-58 Upfale 30.00I29.49I28.98 30.29 29'73\29-l7\ 30.09 29.75 29.38 29.22 Hudickfwald 30.10129.60:29.10 30.38 29.7929.2°; 8Q-9<> 30.09 Hernoefand 30. 7 29.5o>9-°7 30.20 29.7229.24j 30.10 29-71 29.32 Bygdea 29.80129.40^9.00 30.10 29.62 29.14; 29.96 29.42 2 8*88 A fhermometrical fable of the Highejf , Lowefly and Middle Stations at Naples, South wick, Lun- den and Upfale, in 1728. January.. | February. March. High Mean Low High Mean Low High Mean Low Naples 49.05 43- 5 38. 5 48. O 44- 5 35. 0 39* 5 35- 9 32^3 Southwick 79* 67 55 To 67 54 69 57 45 Lunden 83 68 54 91 7? Al 123 _?£ 74 Upfale, 9U 5 8°. 9! 68. 3 89. 2 177- 9 66. 6 72, j 153. 0 53* 9 fhe ( 4 29. 1 29. 8 9 -4A 1I3 O- 029.72 29.80l29.72ija9.88 29.54 29-2 30.04 28^981 30.02^9.53 2 9 -9 2 29.37 28. 82| 29.91 29.45 29. 74^9. 1 928. (54;|2 9. 9 3 129. 39 29-57’ 28^8628^5^29. 95;I^2 ?0. lO*«n r 6 2 o- ;o. 8 29- 3 29.04. 29.00 28.86 2 8.70 29 . 28 29.25 30. <0:29.56 29.02^30- 38 20.83 29-9* 29.45 29.00; 30.17I29.71 29. 90^9.48 29.07 30.2129.7429.2 7 _ izun nn 29^96.29.5 8 29. 2q- 30. 2 29.53 29.85^29.5(5 29.27i 29.92 29.56 29.2a- 29.05 The Thermometrical Table continued 1 ( April. |J May, \ June.- High j Meant Low IHigh ■Mean] Low High Mean Low Naples 42* 5;33- 2 24. Oj26. 0 .8.1 II. o\ l6. O 9- 7 4- S Southwick 7i- 0 53- 36 1 56 40 24 $°_ .35 f 19 Lunden 148 Il8 85 1 172 145 1 18 1 7 6 153 | 130 Upfale . 69. 5 52. I 44- 7i|s4- 7 45. O 35* 3. 42. 0 3 3. 625. 2 Yl Thermometrical fable continued. July. 1 August. September, High Mean Low High! Mean Lov/ High Mean LOW Naples i 3- 5 8. 2 3- 0 l6. O 10. 0 *4. 0 26. 5 17’ 1 7. 7 Southwich 50 34 17 56 IE 23 65 48 32 Lunden 172 I_LL *32 *53 in 150 1 22 94 Upfale 37- a 3 1. 0 25. 5 49o 2 32. 8 25. 5 58- 4 46. 2 34- 6 ( 4 «* ) The Barometrical Table continued . | October. | November. 1 Decemi tER* 'Low High Mear iLow jHigh Mear iLow High Mean Goflar 31* 5 31- < >30. 6 31. 6 30. 5 3°- 6 3fj_8 ,3 *• 1 30- 4 Wittemberg 30. 2 29. t 29. 2 30. 1 29. 028. 9! 30. 2 29. 6 29- * Naples 29.80 i9-7i!z9-5i| 29.96 29.6729^ 29.80 29.51 29.21 28.80 28-73 Southwick 29.98 29.3I *28.64! '29.95 29-45 29.26 ,28.9i 3°»Q4 29.42 Lunden 30.12 29.5I 28.90* 29.90 2 8.62 29-92 29.32 Swenaeker 30.26 29.55 28.84! 29-95 29.14I28.34; 30.16 29-53 28.91 28.80 29.52 Rifinge 30.16 29-43 .28.70] 29.80 29^5 28.30 3005 29.42 Bettna 30.80 30.02 29.25' 30.40 29-7° 29.01 30.70 30.1 1 Upfale 30.49 29.83 29. 16 29.01 29. 0 30.10 2 9- 44 28.79 30.49j29.87 29-25 29-30 29.10 Hudickfwald 30.97 29.99 30.22 29-47j 29.72 30.6029.95 Bygdea 30.40 29^0 30.24 29.42 28.60 30.50 29.80 Torneao l: Th 29.90 29.58 e Thermo , Oct obe 29.25 metri . R . | <7^/ 5 Ncn -rEMB ? coni ER. | inuet Dej 4 CEMB ER. Low 44- 7 \ High J Mean Low High >Mean!Low High Mean Naples l to. 0 3i. 3 22. 5-j 48. 0 42. O 34* 0 54- 5 54^5 Southwick 7i 56 41 84! 64 43 , 87 72 58 Lunden 119 98 78 | 109 87 64 ; _lL 7i _J9_ Upfale 1 SB. 2 58 47- 7j '98. o' 57* o! 56* I;! 89. '6 76. 8 64. 0 yl Table of the Rain at Southwick and Naples//; the Tear 1718. S outhwick Naples Southwick Naples Inch Cent Inch Meafures; Inch Cent Inch Meafures Jan. 4- 00 4- *5! M 3- 21 0. 00 Feb. 0. 99 0. 00 Aug. 0. 96 0. 00 Mar- 3- 27 0. 5 Sep. 0. 86 4- 4 Apr. 1. 97 0. 14 ba. 2. 79 6. i7i May 1. 44 0. 00 Nov 1. 52 2. .7 J un, j 2.- 82 1. 2I- Dec. 2. 43 6. 8| Rain in the whole Tear , At Southwick, is 26 Inches , and 26 Centefimah. At Naples, is 19 Inches^ and 14 Meafures. Remarks ( 4*5 ) Remarks on the Meteorological Obfervations of the Tear 1718. As the Obfervations of this Year, which the Royal Society hath received from many, and very diftant Parts of the World, are two large and numerous to be printed in the Philofophical Tranfaftions , or read at the Society’s Meetings ; fo to make them as ufeful as pofiible, I have put as many of them as I could into Tables, to be feen and compared at an eafy View, as I have done in former Years : But I am forced to omit fuch of them, where no Account is given of the Inftruments they ufed, or where none were made ufe of at all, but only verbal Defcription* given, that Tables would nor admit of. But the Places mentioned in the Tables, had the Society’s Glaffes of Mr. Haukesbee> s making. The Barometrical Obfervations I need not fatiate the Society with Remarks upon, becaufe 1 have made divers of that Kind, upon the preceding Years: only I fhall repeat two Things that I formerly took notice of, and have had frequent Confirmations of this Year:, viz. 1. The great Conformity of the Afcents, Defcents, and Stations of the Mercury in the Barometer. 2. That the Range of the Mer- cury is much greater in the Northerly than Southerly Climes, As for the Thermometrical Obfervations, I have inferted all that were made with the Royal Society's Glafles : but fuch as were made with other Thermo* meters, it would have been of little or no ufe to have taken notice of them, unlefs I could have reduced them 3 to ( 4«4 ) to fome known Meafure } which only two of the curious Obfervers enabled me to do j but I found that a Matter fo perplext and difficult, as not to anfwer the great Trouble of it, efpecially confidering that thefe Tables exhibit Obfervations made in different and diftantParts, viz .Italy, Germany ^England, and Swe- den, by which an Eftimate may be, in fome meafure, made of the Temperature of thofe different Climates of the World. In order to which, I muff repeat what I mentioned in fome preceding Year:, that in the Royal Society's Glaffes, the Point of Extream Heat is 5 Degrees, above o, that Temperature is 45 Degrees below o, and Freezing at Degrees. And if we caft our Eye upon the feveral Months, particularly thofe of Winter, efpecially if we confider that which I have remark’d in 17x7, from Dr. Cyril , concerning the Freezing-Point at Naples to be at $ 5 Degrees, which is at London at 6? Degrees, and at Chrijliana and Bengal probably as different alio. I fay, con* fidering thefe Things, it is furprizing that the Heat and Cold of thofe diftant Places, is not as different as their Northerly and Southerly Situations. But at Lunden , I was furprized to find the Thermometer much lower in the warmer Months than at Upfale , or any other of the Svoedifh places, hill I found that In all thofe Months, they had continual Cold and Rain, when the other places mention little but Fair, or Cloudy, and but little Rain or Cold. And this minds me of a former Obfervation, fhat Cold is the Parent of Wet , efpecially in Summer. As to the Winds and Weather , fo many are the Places of Obfervation, and fo many and fo various the Obfervations, that its next to impoffible to give i a toie* ( 4^5 ) a tolerable Abridgment of them : and therefore my Remarks on the foregoing Years, efpecially on the fame Places * and Parts of the World, mod fuffice here. The Quantity of Rain and Snow were obferved at Naples, Rifing, Bettna , Upfale, Hudickfwald , and Southwick : but I find no Defcription of the In- ft ruments wherewith they obferved, nor of their Mea- fures, except at Southwick and Naples , and there- fore am forced to omit all but the two latter, in which the Depth is meafured by Englifh Meafure, the Southwick , by Inches, and hundredth Parts of an Inch ; and the Naples , by Engli/h Inches, and the Obferver'sMeafures,2.3 ofwhichmake an Englijhlnch. Laftly, That I may omit as little as may be of what the illuftrious Obfervers take notice of, I lhall add the Meteors they mention, together with foine of my own, that happened about the fame Time. The firft was a Lumen horeale at Bettna , in the Night after Mar . 20 ; and at half an Hour after 8 on Mar. 22, at Windfor , I faw an unufal fort of Streamings in which the Columns were not (as ufually) conical, or pointed, nor rifing towards the Zenith-point; but were with parallel Sides, and rofe perpendicularly to the Horizon. They were very bright, emitting a Light equal to that of the Moon in her Quarters, Alfo they rofe from a Bmk of Va- pours, not curved at Top (as ufually) but lacinated, or broken. Alfo on Mar. 24, the curious Bettna Gbferver faith, there was, the Night before, Lumen Efliam - mans boreale ; which was alfo feen at La f anger. On Auguji 26, at Night was a remarkable Lumen horeale at Bettna. And the Night before at 10 Hours Q. q q 20 * Vide Tranfaff. n. 433, p. 334. C5 feci. ( ) 20 Minutes/*. m. a Gentleman going from my Houfer faw towards the Eaft, about 30 Degrees high, a Ball of Fire, about 4 Inches Diameter, blazing, and land- ing (till at firft, and prefently after, it ran towards the North, and in about five, or more Minutes, he heard anExpiofion like Thunder. Its Blaze emitted a Light equal to that of the Moon at Full. At the fame Time, the News-papers fay, a Light in the Sky, like a Comet, was feen at Watford in Hertfordpire 5 with Sparks of Fire bluing from its Tail j that then it brake out with a prodigious Luftre, like the Sun, which laftcd not long, and was follow- ed with a terrible Clap of Thunder, the Stars twink- ling all the while, and not a Cloud to be feen. Which Clap, I doubt nor, was the fame which my Friend heard, and which was five or more Minutes in its Paffage hither. At Bettna,Lumina borealia were feen on theNights after Sep. 18, 19, and 24 ; the fecond of which co- vered half the Heavens. And on Sep. 21, about ro Hours p. m. I obferved, at Upmnjler , an unulal fort - of.Tan-coloured thick Vapours towards the N. W./;.N. but withal lightfome, and fuch as the Stars might be feen through. And after fome Time, they fent forth, in divers Places, Streaming Lances , gently and gradually coming and going. On O 13,1 faw that uncommon fort of Stream- ing at Redbridge , near Southampton , the Account of which is printed in Philof. Tranf N°. 410, and the fame Night at Bettna was Lumen boreale eru - Elans Flammam , as the Obferver expreffes it. At Lee f anger aifo thpfe Streamings were on the fame Night, and on the 15th, i8rh, 19th, and 23d. On (4 <$7 ) On OB. 19th, a Parhelius was at Lunden , and on the i2d a Lumen 'bore ale at Wittemberge. On Nov. 12th, at Wind for, we had confiderable Streaming 5 and the fame was at Bettna and Umea ; and on the 29th at La f anger s and again at Untea on Dec. 24. An APPENDIX to the Remarks on 1728, and fome of the Tears preceding it. After I had finilhed the foregoingObfervations on the Year 1728, I received the curious Ofervations of the illuftrious Marquifs Poleni , made at Padua, * for fix Years $ fuch of which as are conformable to mine, I fhall fubjoin by way of Appendix. The firfi Thing he gives an Account of is, the Quantity of Rain and Snow (in Englijh Meafure, and according to the Old Stile) that fell before and after this Year 1728, in fix Years Time, in the fol- lowing Table. A Table of the Rain at Padua, in the fears \ 1 715 1 I 726 1727 1 1 1728 1729 , 1 232 inch Dec* , inch Dec Inch Dec. Inch Dec. Inch Dec. ; Inch Dec. Janu. 0. 521 I *355 5 •955 i — 4 .278 I .085 O .112 Febr. I .460 1 .073 I .050 I .245 2 .906 March 0 .889 3 .168 1 .878 4 .832 2 .902 4 ^592 April 4 .019 3 .998 0 .498 1 _4J9 2 “768 r .638 May 3 .6z5 1 .368 3 _.53° 3 .403 2 .654 4 .467 June 0 .036 2 .608 2 •476 2 .103 3 •134 6 .205; July 2 .2 97 2 •357 2 .930 4 ,016 4 .526 2 •339 Auguft 5 .185 1. 268 5 .067 5 .186 0 ~578 4 . 269 Sept* 2 •647 2 .900 4- . 1(54 6 J948 3- .267 1 .090 O£tob. 7- 104 0 •I78 r 6 1 •57 6 5_ .163 6 •2 94 5 .254 Nov. 3 ■ .636 2 •277 \ 1 |5_ .09 1 6 •8j6 4 .1 8<5 0 •534 Dec. 0 .O3O 2 •39° ■7 .169 7 • 599 2 . 804 0 .894 Year L< 5.989 1 2 1 ;.328 46.407 5 2-893 35-42-3 34.300 Q_ q q 2 From * Vide ‘Tranfaft. n. 421, p, 201. & fey. ( 4^2 ) From this Table he obferves, that the Februaries were the dried Months, and 1726, the dried Tear in all the Six , and that the Octobers were the wet* teft Months , and 1728 the 'wettejt of all the fix Years. Further alfo he faith, that in the four Seafons of the Years (reckoning their beginning from the 10th Day of their refpeftive Months, vix. of December , March , June and September \ that I fay) lefs Wet falls in Winter and Spring, than in Summer and Autumn, and that the wet Weather increafes, as the Seafons advance ; that in Winter is the lead Wet that it increafeth in Spring j is more in Summer 5 and mod of all in Autumn. For the Proof of this, he hath made a Table of the mean Quantities of the Rain in the four Seafons of each of the fix Years 5/ the Sums of which fix Years Rain, are in Winter, 39.490 Inches ; in Spring,, 52.188 Inches 5 in Summer, 58.25 Inches; and in the Autumn, 74.558 Inches, But in the many Years that I obferved the Weather at Upminfter , I find it not fo. After thefe Obfervations of the Weather, the il- ludrious Marquifs proceeds to the Barometrical Indications of it ; and hath made Tables of the Ri- ling and Falling of the Quickfilver, together with the Goad of the Winds, both againd Rain, and alfo a- gaind Snow, hoping to predift from thence the feveral forts of Weather. But I omit the Tables, becaufe I think little of general ufe can be concluded from them but what is commonly known. I omit alfo his Table * of the Sum and Mean Alti- tudes of the Barometer, and Thermometer 5 but his following Table may be of ufe. A T a* fT ide ‘TranfaCh n. 421, 210. ( 4 *9 ) A Table of the Higheji and Loweft Station, of the Barometer*) with the Winds and Weather in the C3 r-j a 0 6 Barometer Higheft Barometei Loweft Winds W eather at the fame T ime £ § Q 1725 ijanu. 1 9 30.28 1 W Fair. Dec. 8 28.56 S W 4 i - — , ■ Cloudy. 17261 V] iNovT 30.18 1 J N Fair. [Feb. 13 j 28 92 s w Cloudy. I 1727 Nov.- •20 1 30-24 NW Fair. Ociob. 13 28.80 S2 Cloudy. 1-7 2 S Dec. i 2 3° 20 N Thin Clouds. Dec. 0 29.00 N W Small Rain. 1729 Dec. 20 , 30.30 W . Somewhat Cloudy. Nov. -°i 28.90 N ' Rain. •730 ;Dec. 20; 30.40 N Fair. iFeb. 27 1 1 28.98 SE Sunfhine with Cloudy From this Table at appears, from the Higheft and Lowed: Stations in the fix Years, that the greateft Range of the Barometer, is T.84 Inches; but at Naples , it is only 5)4 Centefimals of an Inch; and what it was at other Places, 1 have given fotne xYc« count of in my Remarks on 17x7. The illuftrious Obferver hath alfo been very cu- rious, and fedulous in his Obfervations of the fher~ mometer 5 which I am forry I can give no acceptable Account of5 for want of fo much Knowledge of his Thermometer, as may enable me to compare his Ob fervations with mine. He hath alfo compared with his own, the Quan- tities of Rain , and the Barometrical Range obfer- ved at Paris , by M. de la Hire ; and finds that the Paris ( 47© ) Tarts Rain is 16.4^ Lines, and the Barometrical Range zh Lines more than the Padua. The laft Thing which the illuftrious Marquifs takes notice of is the Magnetic al Declination, which he faith is 1 3 Degrees fVefi, and hath decreafed in the fix Years i§ths ; that every Day there is a fmall Alteration in the Declination, fo that it doth not con- tinue the fame a whole Day together ;_that the De- clination of all needles (efpecially if touched by diffe- rent Magnets) is different a few Sexageftns. But thefe Niceties I recommend to the Enquiry of the Curious, becaufe theydifagree with theObfervations of Gilbert, and mod of the Magnetical Writers. FINIS. E R R J T J. N U M B. 428, p. 85. 1. 4. r.Bottarius . n . 429 p. 145 I. 19. r. Iwas'jhewed. //. 430, p. 157. 1. 5. from the Bottom, r. manet . ibid. p. 191. 1. 3. r. de polythalamiis . n.^^.p. 415. 1. 8. .'from the Bottom, r. Rerum. A. N 1 N D E X To the Thirty-eighth Volume of the Philofophical Transactions > For the Years 1733 and 1734. A. AEris Hiftoria Phyfica, 1732. Neupoli, n. 430,7?. 184. y| Air, damp in a Coal-pit of Sir James Lowther's , n. 429, 7?. 1 op. D? Ambra Gryfea , Pm I. ft.433, 7?. 344. Pm IL 0. 434, 7?. 371. Pm III ». 435, 7?. 417. Gryfea , Experimental per D. Browne & Godofredum^ »• 435’ P- 43 7- pro Meteor 0 habit a ^ n. 433, 7?. 351, — Avium , /P p. 352, 354. — favo Apium , iP 7>. 352, 356; Gummi. ib. p.%6o. — Refina. ib.p . 360. Champhor ib.p. 365*. — — Deglutita a Pifcibus , /P 7?. 363. ■ Excrementum Belluae^ ib. p.^Cy. Balance , z’P 7?. 368. Recrementum Ceti , zP 7?. 370. p Concretum in Ceto gene fat um, 0.434,$. 372. a- Ambra 'I N D E X. Ambra in Cyftide , ceu FeftcaCeti invenitur , n. 434, p. 378. hoc non vera Ambray fed Calculus Fefkce eft , ib. p. 380- Majfaad 182 libras , ib, p. 384. ad 3000 libr . ib, p. 400. • aliqum&oAnimale quidmixtum continet> fed hoc extra - 00^/0,0.434^.387. — — Miner alh eft , p. 389. 7" /4. p. 3 89, £/*/« ptor, ib.p.39 o. • Reverd Bitumen, 0. 434, p. 391, 395. cinum pr oxime re quans^n. 435, p, 421, 422* — - > ■ Liquida , Species Naphtha, ib. p. 392. Gryfea , 0# *0?T0 /» 70^0 devenit , 0. 434, p. 396, «-■■■ ■ ■ ■ unde apportatur^ n, 434, p. 396. — Gryfea , ejusvarietates , 0. 435, p, 417. ProprietateSy ib, p. 418, — Adulter atioy (ft ejus fignay ib. p. 419. • Deftillata , eadem puebet ac Succinum^ ib. p. 422, 423- Qualitates medicinales , 0. 435, p. 425; 000 folvitur SpirituFini per fey ib, p. 425. nifi ebulli - 00^0, p. 428, — EJfentia pracipitat materiam alb am , 000 0/? 007^, fed pur a Ambray ib. p. 435, 436. Gryfea eft fubftantia mixta ex varus peregrinisy n- 435’ A 439- Nomen Antiquum commune (ft Succino (ft Ambr re gryfea, n. 435./-. 440. Angermann, Obfervadons of Weather there, 1728, n, 435, />• 459- Animale concretumy proba ejus chemica , 0. 434, p. 386. Ask ( Bern .) Obfervadons of the Weather at Lcef anger and £//00- 44 1 • Boy If on (Zab.)- de Ambragryfea^ n. 434, 7?. 371. Bradley (John) on the different Lengths of I fochronal Pen- dulums at London and Jamaica , 77. 432, 7?, 302. Breynius (Jo. Fk.) Diff. Pioyfca de Polythalamiis^ an Account of it by Dr. MaJJey, n. 430, />. 19 1. Broman (Clave) Obfervations of the Weather at Hudickf- voaid, 1728, 77.435,^.459., Browne (Job.) Experiment a de Ambra gryfea , 77. 435, 7?. 437. Bulbous -Roots, OV. growing in Water, 77.432, 7?. 267. Barman (Eric) Obfervations of the Weather at Upfale 1726, w-4 33>A 335* (Jacob.) Obfervations of the V/ eather at Bygdea 1726, 0- 433* A 335* (Clave) Obfervations of the Weather at Pithea 1726, »-.433> P' 335-, Bygdea , Obfervations of the Weather there for 1726, »• 433* A 334- -Obfervations of the Weather there 1728, n. 435, A 459* C. Camera obfcura defcribed, ufed by Mr. Chefelden in draw- ing Bones, n. 430, p. 196. Campbell (Colin) Obfervations at Jamaica , on the Going of a Clock, 77. 432.7?. 302. Camhora ThymL »• 43 1 5 A 202. Carolina , Natural Hiftory of it, 77. 432, 7?. 315. Caftor , not the Tefticles of the Beaver, 77. 430, 7?. 173*. found in Female as well as Male Beavers, 430, p. 181. what it is. Liquid, ib.p. 181, and 182. — — - its Ufe to the Animal, ib.p. 183. Cate shy (Mark) Natural Hiftory of Carolina , and the Ba- hama Iflands, n. 432.7?. 3L5. Charm of the Rattle- Snake > Conjectures on it, n. 433, t- 321* Chefelden I INDEX. Chefelden (Jftlliam) an Account of his OJieographia , n. 430, p. 194. Chriftiana , Obfervations of the Weather there 1727, »• 434? p- 405- Churchman {Walter) a new Engine for raifingWater, 0.434. p. 402. Confet (pfho.) Meteorological Obfervations at Petersburg , n.^9,p.ioi. Curteis ( 'William ) Experiments and Obfervations on bul- bous Roots, Plants and Seeds, growing in Water, 0. 432, p. 267. Cyrlllus (Nic.) Aeris Hefraque Phyfica Hiftoria , n. 430, p. 184. • De Terr# motu Ann . 1731, 0. 428, p. 7p. — ■ — Obfervations of the Weather at Naples 1727, 0.434, p. 405. — — Obfervations of the W eather at Naples 1728, 0. 435, P- 495 D. inflammable in a Coal-pit, 0. 429, p. no. — — Manner of conveying it out of a Pit, ib. p. 1 1 1 . Davis {Evan) of fome Children inoculated at Haverford- Weft^ 0. 429, p. 12 1. Dead Bodies preferved 49 Years in the Moors in Derbyjhire , 0.434, p.413. Derham (Dr. William) of Nebulous Stars, 0. 428, p. 70. • Abftrad of the Meteorological Diaries , [Part I. 0. 423.] Part II. 1724, 1725, 0. 429, p. 101. Part III. 1726, 0. 433, p. 334. PartIV. 1727, 0. 434, p. 405. Part V. 1728, 1729, 0. 435, />. 458. Defaguliers (J. ?.) Account of an Experiment contrived by G . Jb Gravsfande , relating to the Force of moving Bodies, 0. 429, p. 143. _ Drefden , Bills of Mortality at, from 1617 to 1717, 0. 428, p. 89, 98. Dudley {Paul) de Ambra gvyfea, 0. 434, p. 371. E. Fames {John) Account of CM Lud. Gerften Pentamina Sy - Jlematis mvi admut at tones Barometric 0. 427, p. 43. R r r 2 Earth - I N D E X. Earthquake in Maryland , 429, p . 119. Electricity ^ a Letter on it, by Mr. da Fay , //, 431, />. 25$, divided into two Gaffes, n. 431, p. 264. vitreous and refi nous, ib. p. 264. Edipfeei Lunaris , O^/. Romoe habit a, Dec . 1. 1732. <0 Di- daco Revillas , Joanne Bottario , £5? Eufiach . Manfredi , 42S, 7>. 85. Eclipfe of the Moon obferved at London , Afav. 20, 1732, n . 428, />. 88. < — - — of the Sun, London , 2, 1733, 0. 429, A H3> Kent , />. 1 14. Teovel , 7?. 1 16. Engine , a new one for raiding Water, 77. 434, />. 402'. Erucarum circa Vitembergam interitus , 0. 432, />. 294. Explofon in the Air in Maryland , 0. 429,7). up. F. DuFay (Mr.) Letter to the Luke of Richmond on Electricity , 431, 2^8. Force of moving Bodies, an Account, of an Experiment contrived, by G. J. Gravcfande , 0. 429. p. 143. Fwg/ (Abr.) Obfervations of the W eather at Forneao 1 728, «-435»A45P- # ‘ Freezes at Naples with lefs Cold than at London , 7;. 434, A 4°7* Frobenius (Sigifm. Aug.) Experiments with his £7?. AV0/ y£- £j? Phofphoms Ur intern. 428,. p. 55. G. Gw//, vide Bile , 72. 427, p. .5 Garcin (. Laurentius ) iettling a new Genus of Plants, called Mangoftans , 72.431,7). 232. Geringius {Andr.) Obfervations of the Weather at Bettnay 1J26. 0. 433, 7). 335. Gerjlen { Chriftian . Ludovi) dLentamina Syftematis novi ad mu - tationes Barometric (Ac. an Account of it, 72. 427, A 43- Godfrey (. Ambrofe ) Experiments on Phofphorus Urines , 0. 428, p. 58. — — - Experiment a de Amhra gryfea, 0. 435, />. 437. Godfrey fftho.) his Improvement of Davis’s Quadrant, tranf- ferred to the Mariner’s Bow, 0. 435, A441* Go Jlar^ INDEX. Goflar, Obfemtions of the Weather there 172.8, n. 43 5, p. 458. Graham {Geo ) Obfervations of the Eclipfe of the Moon, Nov. 2.0. 1732, n. 428, p. 88. Obfervations ofanEclipfe of the Sun, London , Mzj 2 . 1733, w 429, />. 1 13. Obfervations concerning the Going of a Clock, in order to determine the Difference between the Lengths of Ifochronal Pendulums at London and Jamaica, n. 432, A 302* Graham {Richard) Defcription of an Inflrument for taking the Latitude at any Time of the Day, n. 43 5, />. 450. 9 s Grave fande (G. J.) an Experiment concerning the Force of moving Bodies, n. 429, p. 143. Gray {Stephen) of an Eclipfe of the Sun, May 2, 1733, n. 42P> A H4 • H. Hadley ( John ) a Spirit-Level for taking Altitudes without an Horizon, n, 430 rp. 167. Hall , Obfervations of the Weather there 1729, 0. 435, p 458. Hanckewitz , Ambrofe Godfrey , 0, 42 8, />. 58, 0. 435, A 437* Harris {Jof\) Magnetic Obfervations in Mhy, June, July 1732. And of a Water-Spout, 0. 428, 75. Haver ford- Weft i Children inoculated there, 0. 429, />. 12 1. Henbane-Seeds , an Account of the Symptoms arifing from the eating them, with their Cure, by Sir Hans Sloane , »• 4295 A 99- the Smoak of, good in the Tooth-ach, 0. 429, p. 100. Hernoefand , Obfervations of the Weather there 1728, ». 435, A 459- Hodgfon {James) Eclipf. of Jupiter' s Satellites 1734, n . 427, />. 26. for 1735, 0. 43 L A 279. . Obfervations of the Eclipfe of the Moon, Nov. 20. 1732, n. 4285 88. Hudickfivald Heljingorum, Obfervations of the Weather there 1728, n. 435, /. 459-' tiudfon's - INDEX. n ex v. ^ i r Hudforfs-Bay , Obfervations of the Needle and Weather in a Voyage to it 1731, n. 429, p. 127. I. Jablonski (Job. Tbeod.) Obfervations of the Weather at Berlin 1726, n. 433\P- 334 • Inflammable damp Air in a Coal-pit, n. 429, p. no. Inoculation , tz. 432, p. 296. • at HaverfordLVeft y n. 429, p. 121. Infers , remarkable Generation of, 0. 429. p. 119. Jupiter's Satellites, a Catalogue of their Eclipfes for the Year 1734, by James Hodgfon , 0. 427, 7). 26. for 1735, n. 4.31, p. 279. ■ * Eclipfes Bonon'ue Ohfl 173 2, Eufl. Manfred: , »• 429, p. 1 1 7. K. Kink (Mr. Pr.) Obfervations of the Weather at Chrifliana 1727, n. 434, p. 405. ( Jacobus Theodoras ) de Sciuro volante , 0. 427.7?. 32. I.it Langen (Job. Joacb.) Obfervations of the Weather at Hall , 1729, ». 435, />. 458. Latitude , an Inifrument to take it at any Time of the Day, »• 435- A 450. Laurelius (Sue no) Obfervations of the Weather at Riflings 1728, ». 435>A 459*. Levels a Spirit for taking Altitudes without an Elorizon, by 7. Hadley , 0. 430, 7?. 167. Lewis ( Richard ) of a remarkable Generation of Infects, of an Earthquake, and of an Explofion in the Air in Maryland , 0. 429 7?. 1 19. Locuftarum circa Kit ember gam inter it us ^ n. 432, 7?. 294. Loef anger , Obfervations of the Weather there, 1728, #.435, A 459- * (7.) Account of Jiw. Godfrey's Improvement of the Mariners Bow , 435, p. 441. (Sir of damp Air in a Coal-pit, 0.4 29, 7). 109. Luminum Borealium , vide Borealium , 0. 432. p. 291. Lunar: s Eclipfl. Ohfl Rontee^ Dec . i5 1732, 0. 428, 7?. ,85. Lundcn , INDEX. Lundcn , Obfervations of the Weather there for 1724, 1725, n. 429, p. 106; for 1726, n. 4331 P- 33 4; for 1728, n. 435, p. 459. Lynn (Geo.) Obfervations of the Weather at Southwick , 1728, «. 435, 459. M. Maculae fubrubicundaprope difeum Luna Ob/, n. 429, p. 135. Maggots pretended to breed in hollow Teeth5 turn to Scarabar , 0. 429, p 100. Magnetic Obfervations made, in the Atlantic Ocean in Mdyr June , and July, 1732, by 70/ Harris , 0. 428, />. 75. Sand. Indian , 0. 43 2 , p. 2 97. M air an (Mr.) Lraite Phyfique & Hiftorique de V Aurore boreale , an Account of it, 0. 431, p. 243.^ Maitland (Will.) Remarks on the Bills of Mortality of Dresden and Augsburg , 0. 428, p. 98. Manfredi (Euftach.)Obf. Eclipf. Lunar. Dec. 1. 1732, 0. 428. p. 85. • * — 0£/T Eclipf Satell. V-9 1732, 0. 429, P- ll7- Mango ft an Si a new Genus of Plants, 0. 431, 7. 232. Manners Bow , improved by Tho. Godfrey , 0. 435, p. 441, Maryland , remarkable Generation of Infe&s there, of an Earthquake, and of an Explofion in th6 Air, 0. 429, Pf it‘9* Ma fifty (Rich. Middleton ) Account of Breynii Dijf. de Poly- thalamiis , 0. 430, p. 19 1. Account of Locupletijjimi return naturalium Lhefauri accurata deferiptio ab Alberto Seba^ n . 434, p 415. Meafles appeared the 7th Day after Inoculation of the Small Pox, 0. 429, 7. 124, &c. De Mer curio experiment a Herm , Boerhaave , 0. 430, p. 145. agitatus fit pulvis niger9 n. 430, 7. 149.. fit pulvis rutilusy ad omnia niji plumbum, fixus, 0. 430, p. 1 57, i6r. — — £«j0 plumbo , fit ex aceto volatilis , par v urn calorem ? p. 164. denfior INDEX. Mercurius denfioY redditur fepius Defttllando , ih. p. 1 66. Metallic Particles obtained out of moft Subftances, Animal or Vegetable, by Uftion, n. 428, />. 67. — — Regulus got out of Stercus humanum , n. 428, p. 67. Adeteorological Diaries , abftracted by Dr. Derham. [Part. 1. 1707, 1715, 1716, 72.423, ^.261. in Vol. preced.] Part II. 1724,. 1725, 72. 429, p. 101. Part III. 1726, »• 433’ JP- 334- PartIV. 1727, 72. 434* />• 405- Part V. I728, 1729, 72. 435, p. 458. Middleton (Capt. Chriftoph.) Obfervations of the Variation of the Needle and Weather, in aVoyage to Hudforf j ifoy, 1731, ?2. 429, /. ‘i 27. Milner (John) Obfervations of an Eclipfe of the Sun at Yeovil , May 2. 1733, 72. 429, p. 116. Monkshood , a Man poifon’d by eating it, n. 432, 287. Ad 00 ft Eclipfe, Obfervations at London , iWw. 20. 1732, 72. 428, p. 88. Moors in Derbyjhire , dead Bodies preferved in them 49 Years, ». 434, p . 413. Mortality , Bills of, at Augsburg, from 1501, to 1720, 72. 428, p. 94. at Dresden from 1617, to 1717, 72.428, p. 89. Mortimer ( Cromwell) Anatomy of a female Beaver, n. 430, p. 172. Account of Cate shy9 s Natural Hiftory of Carolina and the Bahama Iflands, 7 2. 432,/?. 315. > ■ — Recenfio experiment or urn circa Ambram Cry [earn, d D. Browne CS? Godfrey inflit ut or um^ 72.435, P 437- Muller (Ger. Fred.) Propofals for improving the Hiftory o i Rufjia, n> 429, p. 136. De Mure Pontico aut Scythico Gefneri , n. 427, p. 32. Mufchenbrock ( Petrus van) on the Indian Magnetic Sandj 72. 432, p. 297. N. Napellus , a Man poifoned by eating it, 72. 432,^. 287. Naples , Obfervations of the Weather there 1727, 72. 434, 4°5* 72. 435, />. 459* 1 Nehuhe I N D E X. Nehulz £5? Nebidofie , what, n. 451, ^254. Nebulous Stars , Obfervations ‘ on them, by Dr. Derhm , 0. 4283 p. 70. Regions of Light, 0. 428,^. 73. Neumanmts ( Cafparus ) de Camphor a Thymi , 0. 431, 202. — — * Ambragryfea , 0.433,^. 344* 0- 434jA 37^r 372’ »• 435’ A 4i7- — — Vindicatio Experiments fui de Ambra gryfea , »• 4355 A 437- CL OJleographia , an Account of a Book entituled , by 7^7?/. Chefelden , 0. 430, p 194, Oxelgren ( Magnus ) Obfervations of the Weather at PJAnfin - i72g5 * 435’ A 459- P. Padua,. Obfervations of the Weather there, 1728, 0. 435, Pendulums , Ifochronal , the Difference of their Length at London and Jamaica , 0. 432, />. 302. Petersburg , Meteorological Obfervations there, 1 724, 1725. 0. 429, />. toi. Phofphorus Urin■ ufed by Alchemifls, /£. 67. fublimed into Flowers, 0. 428, p, 59. — - ■ - — ■ — running Deliquium , ib. ■ turned into Glafs,fL p. 62. or Sulphur, produceabie from the fame Magma of Urine and Facesyn, 428, p. 70. Pinambar , 0. 433, p. 350. Pithea , Obfervations of the Weather there, 1726, 0. 433, A 334* Plants , a Catalogue of 50, for the Year 17315 by 0. 427, />. 1. for 1732. 0. 431, 199. Poleni , Marquifs, his Obfervations of the Weather at Padua> 0. 435, 467. Polythalamia , 00W Peftaceorum clajjis^ 0, 430, p. 191. Porambar , 0, 4£3> A 350. 467. S f f fitambar » I N D E X. Puambar , n. 433, f. 350* Qjr §uenfel ( Conrad ) Obfervations of the Weather at Lunden> 1726, n. 433, p. 334- R. {Jf&acj. Catalogue of Plants for 1731, n. 427, />. if for 1732* ». 431, />. 199. Rattle-Snake , its charming and fafcinating Power, ». 433,, A 321. Renmarck ( Jac .) Obfervations of the Weather at Hernce -- * and Angermann , 1728, ». 435, 459. Revillas { Didacus ) Obf. Eclipf. Lunaris , jDer. 1 , 1732, ». 42g> A 85- Richardfon {Rich,) Letter concerning the Squilla aqua dulcisy *-\433> P • 33 1 : Rifinge , Obfervations of the Weather there, 1728, #. 43 5r A 459- Xte itV/j decidui err ore,, d Gbr. Lud. Gerften. n. 427, />. 43. Rowning {John) of a new Barometer, 427, 39. Rujfia, Pfopofals for improving the Hiftory of, 0 423,, A 1 36. ' <5W Phofphoriy n, 428,. />. 68. Sand , /#<&*» Magnetic^, 0. 432, 297. D. 415.. Shells 1 a new Method of ranging them, 0. 430, p. 193. Sleep , the Canfes of it, 0. 427, p. 15. Sloane (Sir Hans) Conjectures on the charming or fafci- nating Power of the Rattle- Snake^ .0. 433, p. 321, — - — — —of thePoifon of Henbane- Seeds, 0. 429, ■A 99- ■ Solar A tmofphere, 0. 43 1 , p. 2 49 . Solis Eclipf Obf Gothaburgi , iV&y 2. 1733, ». 429, 134* — — Obf Fit ember gcey Mail 2, 1733. 0. 433, p. 332. Southwick , Obfervations of the Weather there 1728, »• 335> A 459- . I N D E Xo Spiritus Vini JEthereus , n. 428, p. 55. Spout , a Water, feen at Sea by Mr. Harris , 72. 428,7). 78, Squilla aqua dulcis, a Letter of it, 72. 433,/*. 331. Steckfenius (Ifrael) Obfervations of the Weather at Pithea 9 *■ *• 433’ A 335- Stockkolm , Obfervations of the Weather there, 1728,. »• 459- Stuart (Dr. Aiexl) on the Ufe of the Bile in the Animal Oeconomy, 72. 427, p. 5. Succini criterion eft Acidum volatile , 72. 435, p. 43,8. Sulphur produceable from the Magma of Urine and Faces, n. 428, />. 70. Sun , an Eclipfe, Af^zy 2, 1732, Obf. by Graham , 7?. 429,^. 1 13. by Mr. Gray^ib.p. 114. Swenaker , Obfervations of the Weather there, 17283 »• 435? P- 4 59*. Sweden, Obfervations of the Weather there, 1727, 72. 434, A 405. 1728, ». 435, 459. TV Hollow, Maggots in them turn to Scarabei, 0.429. />. 100. Terra Hiftoria P by fea, 1732. Neapoli, n. 430, p. 184. Terr a mot us Hifioria Neapol. Ann. 1731. ^ Cyrillo 3 n. 428, />. 79. Teftaceorum , Tabula Methodic a, n. 430, 193. Thymi Camphor a , 72. 431, 202. Timoni (Em.) Claufulu de Variolis , qua per Incifionem exd tanfur , 72, 432, />. 296. ToothacF cured' by the 3m oak of Henbane-Seeds, 72. 429. />. iocv ' Torneao , Obfervations of the Weather there, 1728, 72. 4357 A 459* * Transmutation of Phofphorus into Glafs, 72. 428. />. 62. Triumphius (Job. Conrad.) Obfervations of the Weather at Gofer, 1 738, 72. 435, 45^. V; Variation of the Needle, 72. 428, p. 76. in a Voyage to Hudfotfs-Bay, n. 429,^127* I N D E Xv Be FarioJls , qua per incifionem excitanturr dait/tla* n. 432. .296. VaJJenms {Birger us) Oh/. Eclip/ Solis , May 2, 1733, 0. 429. • P- J34* Macula /ubrubicunda props, difcum Luna Ob/, n. 429 , 435-. Va/rnus ( Borftanius ) Obfervations of the Weather .;r Swsnakar , 1728, 0.435? P-459* Z). 32. Fe/uvius , 1732, 0. 430, />. 189^ JJmea, Obfervations of the Weather there, 1728, ». 435, p. 459. ZJp/ale. Obfervations of the Weather there, for 1726, * ». 43 3 y jp. 334. 1728, ». 435> 2* 459 • W. Water y Bulbs, Plants, and Seeds, growing in it, 432, p . 267. Weidler {Job. Trid .) Befcriptio Liminum Bore alium Fitem - 1732, ». 432. />. 291. - — Narratio de Erucarum & Locuftarum 9 circa Vitcmberg. interitu , n. 432, p. 294. — — * Obfervations of the Weather at temburg , 1728, w. 435,^. 458. ** — — — — Ob/. Eclip/ Solar , Afo/V 2, 1733, »• 433 »'.?•’ 33 2* Wifinga^ Obfervations of the Weather there, 1728, 0. 435, p. 459. Witt ember g^ Obfervations of the Weather there, 17,28, % 435? jp- 45 ^ Z. Zodaudl Light, 0.431, 249^ P l N I S. BQUm 1 1 JUN 1987 :;«>■■■■■.